Socialization

- process by which individuals are taught how to become capable members of a group/society

Status

- based on connections; family, name, education, religion

Ascribed Status

- a status into which one is born; involuntary status

Achieved Status

- a position that is earned or chosen; voluntary

Master Status

- a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life

Role

- a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Role Conflict

- conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

Role Strain

- tension among the roles connected to a single status

Role Expectations

- the expectation that one will perform in a particular way because of the social role occupied

Role Performance

- how a person actually plays a role

Self (Locke)

- Tabula Rasa, or clean slate that people write on to develop our sense of self - individuals distinct identity developed through social interaction

Looking Glass Self

- how we see ourselves is a reflection of how others see us - Charles Horton Cooley

Significant others

- parents, grandparents, teachers, people who have the most influence on us - help form the I-self, our constant view of ourselves

Generalized others

- society in general, and the "rest of the people" we encounter - form the me-self that changes as the situation changes

Anticipatory Socialization

- practicing for socialization we will need/have in the future - internship - 3 steps 1. Preparatory Stage 2. Play Stage 3. Game Stage

Agents of Socialization

1. family 2. School 3. Peer Group 4. Mass Media

Desocialization

- losing or giving up previously held beliefs, norms, and values

Resocialization

- learning new norms, behaviors

Race

- any one of the groups of humans divided into groups based on real or presumed physical traits regarded as common among people of shared ancestry

Ethnicity

- based on shared culture - language, religion, traditions, food

Minority Group

- any group of people who are singled out for differential and unequal treatment

Prejudice

- negative beliefs, ideas, thoughts, feelings, or attitudes an individual holds about another group

Stereotyping

- generalization about a group of people with little to no actual basis - dumb blondes, Asians are smart

Discrimination

- actions taken against a group of people resulting in denial of unequal treatment - unfair housing laws, segregated education

Scapegoating

- dominate group displaces aggression onto a minority group - Hitler blamed Jews

Racism

- used justify inequalities against individuals by maintaining that one racial category is superior to another

Institutional Racism

- system/structure that have procedures that disadvantage minorities, gerrymandering, minority schools underfunded

Ageism

- discrimination based on age - attitudes and behaviors based on stereotypes

Gerontology

- science of the process of aging

Gerontocracy

- power is held by a society's older members

Primary Socialization

- first stage of social learning in childhood, where individuals acquire basic norms, values, behaviors, and social skills necessary to function in society - learning language from parents, understanding right and wrong

Planned Socialization

- intentional, structures process of teaching, training, or guiding individuals to adopt specific norms, values, skills, and behavior - Formal Education - school teaching academic skills, rules, values

Media Socialization

- process by which individuals learn societal norms, values, and behaviors through exposure to mass media and digital platforms - Social Media such as TikTok, Instagram, YouTube

Gender Socialization

- lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the behaviors, expectations, and norms associated with their society’s definitions of gender, beginning in early childhood and shaped by family, peers, schools, and media - Girls are expected to help with cooking or cleaning

Racial Socialization

- process through which caregivers teach children about race, including cultural pride, preparation for bias, and coping with racism, shaping identity and resilience - Learning about personal and group identity

Group Socialization

- individual's peer groups, rather than parental figures, are the primary influence on personality and behavior in adulthood - Adopting clothing style, social behavior to fit in

Organizational Socialization

- process through which newcomers transition from organizational outsiders to insiders by learning the values, norms, expected behaviors, and social knowledge needed to perform effectively - Pairing a new hire with an experienced worker for guidance

Language Socialization

- individuals learn a community’s language and the cultural rules, values, and social meanings embedded in its use - Adopt slang and speech styles from friends

Educational Socialization

- teaching societal norms, values, behaviors, and cultural expectations through both formal and informal methods - Group activities - communication, problem-solving

Religious Socialization

- individuals learn, internalize, and adopt the beliefs, values, and practices of a religion, often through family, community, and religious institutions - Youth group, parents

Political Socialization

- lifelong process through which individuals acquire political values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, shaped by family, education, media, peers, and other social institutions - Watching news, family discussions about politics