The enlightenment had the greatest impact on the

Bourgeoisie

The estates general could not be considered a fair or democratic assembly of the french people because

The first and second estate voted together, cancelling any vote from the third estate, which represented the french people

What might have made the original American constitution seem undemocratic?

Voting rights were left to the states, which enforced voting restrictions dependent on property

The American constitution provided an example of

Limited yet effective government

The original goal of the national assembly was to

Create a constitutional monarchy

The french term __ literally means “leave it alone”

Laissez faire

Which group formed most of the first estate in France on the even of the french revolution

Bishops from noble families

The deciding factor that led to the independence of Haiti was

Tropical disease, which decimated the French army

Which statement about the American constitution is false?

It was a democratic document, by today,s standards

The American constitution failed in achieving the highest aspirations of the enlightenment when it compromised on

Equality

The 2nd estate was comprised mostly of the

Nobility

After formal recognition by Louis XVI, the National Assembly took all of these actions EXCEPT

Abolishing Christianity

Which of these principles was part of the National Assembly’s “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”?

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.

What was considered to be the center of Europe during the Enlightenment?

Paris

Robespierre envisioned a “Republic of Virtue” based on a

System that emphasized the general will of the people

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789:

All of the above

Louis XVI’s flight to Varennes in north-eastern France was a turning point in the French Revolution because:

It reinforced the revolutionary idea that Louis XVI was unfit to rule France

The English, American and French Revolutions were triggered by:

Excessive taxation

The idea of “democracy” as expressed by most Enlightenment philosophers and the British and American constitutional systems included the following:

None of the above

The philosophers of the Enlightenment regarded revolutions as a necessary evil whenever:

Governments broke the “social contract” and failed to serve the public good

The Committee of Public Safety was:

A small committee that the National Convention appointed in the late stages of the revolution to deal with counter-revolutionaries

Considering his life during the Revolution, his military achievements, his reforms and his role as supreme leader of post-Revolutionary France, which of the following best describes Napoleon?

He was an opportunist ready to change his mind whenever politically convenient and ready to compromise for the purpose of strengthening his personal power.

In the context of the French Revolution, which of the following was NOT among the reforms of the 1790–91 period?

Abolition of the Monarchy

During the French Revolution, the Jacobins were:

Some among the most radical of revolutionaries

During the French Revolution, the “Terror”:

All of the above

In the French Revolution the Directory was an executive office of five directors who:

Led France in the very late stages of the revolution

According to Enlightenment thought, the social contract is the idea for which:

Government and citizens are bound by a reciprocal agreement that must be respected by both parties

The Haitian Revolution occupies a special place in world history because:

All of the above

In the context of the French Revolution the États-Généraux (Estates General) were/was:

The assembly made up of representatives of the three traditional estates

The storming of the Bastille is important because:

It was the symbol of monarchical power and of the “ancient regime”

Which of the following is NOT among the causes of the French Revolution?

The successful slave revolt in Haiti

A major focus of the Catholic Reformation was?

The training of the priest

From the Ming point of view, which people would be considered an “outer barbarian”?

The Spanish

Martin Luther was especially repelled by which church action?

The selling of indulgences

In 1488 ___ and his crew rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

Bartholomew Dias

The Thirty Years’ War resulted in the?

Permanent division of Germany between Protestants and Catholics

Philip’s attempt to assert his power over England was unsuccessful when?

The Spanish Armada failed to invade England

The Sapa Inca claimed descent from?

The sun god

The Portuguese motive for seeking an all-water route to Asia was to?

Better compete with the Muslim intermediaries who controlled the land routes through western Asia and Africa

In the mid-15th century the Portuguese began cultivating ___ on Atlantic islands.

Sugar

The Incas created storehouse systems to?

Support the Inca trade system

Although the Portuguese were considered rude and unfit to trade with, what gave them an edge in establishing themselves in the Indian Ocean?

Ship-mounted cannons

Abbas demonstrated the concept that “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” by forming an alliance between?

Iranians and Europeans against Constantinople

The Ottoman attempt to expand into Europe was stopped twice when they failed to take?

Vienna

“The most successful of the Turkic-speaking peoples who had migrated westward from the steppes to conquer sedentary agricultural society” describes which state in western Eurasia?

Ottoman Empire

Although Cabral claimed Brazil for the Portuguese, few Portuguese migrated to the area because?

No important resources were found that would have invited further development

Because the Ottomans were overwhelmingly Muslim, which group within the empire did they have to accommodate?

Jews and Christians

Columbus’s voyages?

Convinced Europe that the Americas is a new continent

All of these countries were part of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century EXCEPT?

India

The Aztec writing system was?

Purely pictographic

As trade and commercial interaction increased between Europe, Africa, and Southern East Asia, who displaced the Portuguese as the main European player in Indian Ocean commerce?

The Dutch

Tens of thousands of ___ were killed during the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacres.

Huguenots

Akbar demonstrated his commitment to religious toleration by?

Canceling a special tax on non-Muslims

Prester John was a?

Mythical Christian African ruler

After meeting and listening with representatives of many religious leaders and followers, Akbar proclaimed?

“Divine Faith”

The Inca eventually fell to Pizarro and his troops because?

Smallpox had already weakened the ranks and leadership of the Inca

The Aztec were forced to go to war on a continuous basis because?

They needed prisoners to sacrifice to their gods

As the Portuguese explored West Africa, their goal was to divert the ___ that had been so important to the Moroccan Muslims.

Gold

What is associated with the final results of the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector of the new English Commonwealth

Columbus believed that his trans-Atlantic voyages brought him to?

India

The Nahua Great Speaker was?

Treated like a god

After rounding the Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama referred to what source to guide him from the East African coast to the western coast of India?

Arabic charts and navigational guides

Charles V took all of these actions EXCEPT?

Imposing Catholicism through military means

The Inca?

Allowed local leaders to continue to serve

Janissaries were?

Slave soldiers

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed between Spain and Portugal?

Stipulated that areas ruled by Christian leaders were not affected, but the rest of the world was divided between the two countries

Before the rise of sea-based trade, most long-distance trade taking place in Asia, Europe, and Africa was limited to luxury goods.

True

Which among the following four empires grabbed more land around the world in the early-modern period?

Spanish Empire

Which European country was responsible for developing the first stock exchange and joint-stock companies?

The Netherlands/Holland

Portuguese and Dutch expansion overseas displayed some similarities but also some differences. Which statement is true?

None of the above

In the 1500s, Portugal and Spain dominated the Americas by plundering resources and exploiting free labor. Why did they fall behind the Dutch and the British in the ensuing centuries?

Portugal and Spain failed to develop sustainable economies and reliable financial institutions. Furthermore, most of their resources were squandered in wars against non-Catholic countries

Joint-stock companies were a significant investment innovation that made it possible?

To limit the financial liability of investors in case of failure and stimulate risky investments overseas

The Dutch emerged as a dominating sea-based commerce-driven empire thanks to all of the following EXCEPT?

The abundance of natural resources

Which empire controlled most of the Mediterranean and Middle East between 1500 and 1700?

The Ottoman Empire

Which statement best characterizes world trade before 1500?

There were regional systems of trade around the world. Such systems — with the exception of those in the Americas — were connected to each other by long-distance merchants

After Zheng He’s explorations in the early 15th century, the Chinese government halted overseas explorations because?

The Chinese perceived the world outside China as barbaric and of little interest

The first European empire to engage in substantial overseas exploration was?

The Portuguese Empire

Which statement best characterizes the Dutch Empire in the 1600s?

The Dutch created a trade-based empire with limited territorial holdings in strategic locations

The single major cause of death among Native Americans during Portuguese and Spanish conquests was?

Disease

In the late Middle Ages and Early-Modern Era, European traders were attracted to China because?

European merchants wanted to import Chinese products to Europe

Which reason pushed the Portuguese and Spaniards to explore the Atlantic Ocean?They were looking for all of the following EXCEPT?

Christian-Muslim alliances in the Middle East

Much of the Andean silver ended up in?

China

Religion was the area where Africans could best resist the torment of slavery by?

Transforming African gods into Christian saints

Africans’ resistance to slavery included all of these strategies EXCEPT?

Frequent large-scale rebellions

Maroon communities were composed of?

Runaway slaves

Seaborne European empires in Asia were originally geared toward?

Commercial profit

How were the Spanish successful in creating a centralized political system in their American colonies?

By placing viceroys, governors, and other royal officials in dominant positions

The “purity of blood” requirement was based on?

The desire to keep converted Jews from positions of power

Absentee ownership became common on Caribbean plantations, and overseeing slave labor was sometimes performed by?

Lower-status European immigrants

British mercantilism regulated colonial trade by?

Limiting producers, merchants, and shippers to the home country’s markets

Runaway slaves in North America were most likely to pursue safety with Amerindian populations, such was the case when Africans assimilated with Creek society in?

Spanish Florida

In the Spanish Americas, runaway slaves fared better than in other places because?

The demand for labor there was so high that runaways could easily find work

Many African leaders became involved in the slave trade to?

Keep their own people from being enslaved

African history had ancient connections to all of these places EXCEPT?

The Americas

Besides the increase in agricultural production, what other sector helped to stimulate economic growth in Japan?

A new tax system based on surveys of land and population

The Tokugawa shogunate’s territorial expansion involved control of?

Hokkaido

Japan’s policies of seclusion and isolationism were?

Intensified after the death of Yoshimune

In 1710, one major problem facing Japan was?

Ecological problems

A large agricultural estate in colonial Latin America was referred to as a?

Hacienda

By 1750, England faced a serious worldwide challenge from?

France

The Dutch West India Company initially focused its efforts in the Americas on?

Sugar plantations

How many Africans are estimated to have been transported out of Africa into slavery between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries?

Four million

Believing that the emperor alone was responsible for signs of political failures, Buddhism?

United princes who disliked his imperial campaigns and the severe taxation resulting

Frustrated by the structure of Chinese trade, the British government sent ___ to negotiate an exchange of ambassadors.

The Macartney Mission

At its largest territorial extent, Qing China included all the following areas EXCEPT?

Japan

In the late eighteenth century, abolitionism was?

A strong and growing movement in England

Over time, the English increasingly associated racial inferiority with?

Any trace of African lineage

The economic focal point for the English was?

Caribbean sugar plantations

Resistance to the slave system was demonstrated in?

The abolitionist movement in England

Palmares was a community of?

Runaway slaves

Slavery was always part of human history, but how had it changed by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Slavery shifted from “societies with slaves” to “slave societies”

The Atlantic Slave Trade stands apart from other slave trading experiences because of?

The complete dehumanization of African slaves

Slavery in the US was particularly brutal for which of the following reasons?

All of the above

Which of the following best describes the Atlantic slave trade in the period 1550–1800?

European merchants enslaved Africans by partnering up with African traders who had provided slaves for Asian and European planters for hundreds of years