Schizophrenia typically begins: a) In early childhood b) During late teens or early adulthood c) After age 50 d) Only in people with Alzheimer’s

During late teens or early adulthood

Which genes are associated with schizophrenia? a) C4, DRD2, and glutamate-related genes b) APP and APOE ε4 c) PSEN1 and PSEN2 d) Serotonin transporter (SERT) only

C4, DRD2, and glutamate related

The C4 gene in schizophrenia is involved in: a) Memory storage b) Immune system and synapse pruning c) Hormone regulation d) Muscle contraction

Immune system and synapse pruning

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by: a) Amyloid plaques and tau tangles b) Increased dopamine production c) Overactive telomerase d) Loss of serotonin receptors

Amyloid plaques and tau tangles

Which genes are linked to Alzheimer’s disease? a) C4, DRD2 b) APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE ε4 c) 5-HTT and MAOA d) None — it’s purely environmental

APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE ε4

The APOE ε4 allele is associated with: a) Reduced risk of heart disease b) Increased risk of Alzheimer’s c) Stronger immune function d) Faster metabolism

Increased risk of Alzheimer’s

Depression has been linked to: a) Chromosome 3 and low serotonin levels b) Chromosome 21 and high dopamine levels c) Amyloid buildup d) C4 and DRD2

Chromosome 3 and low serotonin levels

Low levels of serotonin are most closely associated with: a) Schizophrenia b) Alzheimer’s disease c) Depression d) Telomere shortening

Depression

Genetic aging refers to: a) Random damage over time b) A programmed lifespan encoded in genes c) Environmental wear and tear d) Cellular damage caused by UV light

A programmed lifespan encoded in genes

Physiological aging results from: a) Mutations only b) Wear, damage, and environmental stress c) Genetic programming d) Overactive telomerase

Wear, damage, and environmental stress

Senescence occurs when: a) Cells die b) Cells stop dividing but remain metabolically active c) DNA replication speeds up d) Cells become cancerous

Cells stop dividing but remain metabolically active

Telomeres are: a) Proteins that digest waste b) Caps on chromosomes that shorten with each division c) Immune cells that prevent aging d) Enzymes that repair mutations

Caps on chromosomes that shorten with each division

The enzyme telomerase: a) Speeds up aging b) Repairs damaged proteins c) Rebuilds telomeres and may slow aging d) Increases oxidative stress

Rebuilds telomeres and may slow aging

Accumulation of mutations contributes to aging by: a) Preventing cell death b) Damaging DNA and cellular processes c) Increasing telomerase activity d) Boosting metabolism

Damaging DNA and cellular processes

Humans tend to age faster after about age 60 because: a) Natural selection weakens with age b) Telomeres lengthen c) The immune system strengthens d) Mutation rates drop

Natural selection weakens with age

Calorie restriction, senolytics, and telomerase therapy are examples of: a) Cancer treatments b) Anti-aging research strategies c) Gene editing tools d) Mental health therapies

Anti-aging research strategies