Histones

Proteins that wrap around DNA, found in eukaryotes and prokaryotic Archaea

Peptidoglycan

Protein found in cell walls of only bacteria. Can be found on outside of cell walls or in between layers. Prescence of ti is indicated by a graham stain

Linear Chromosomes

Found in Eukaryotes only

Long RNA polymerase

Found in all Archaea (pro+eukaryotic)

Cell organelles

Found in only Eukaryotes

ATP

Energy source used by all organisms (adenosine tri-phosphate)

Methianine

Amino acid that helps distinguish bacteria from Archaea, as bacteria never start a protein with this amino acid, while Archaea can.

Rotating Flagella

Only present in Prokaryotes (Bacteria and prokaryotic Archaea

Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain carbon and are necessary/useful for life to exist

Gram Staining

Test that observes whether a cell's walls contain peptidoglycan or not. Indicates that a cell lacks a thick outer membrane that negative-gram test cells do not. Archaea do not contain peptidoglycan and thus always should test negative.

Binary Fission

Process by which prokaryotes reproduce asexually. The cell's circular chromosome begins copying itself at sexual maturity, eventually resulting in the cell containing 2 separate copies. Over time, the cell begins to swell, eventually resulting in it being pinched inward at the mid-point, resulting in 2 separate cells that each contain one chromosome.

Transformation

Prokaryote taking in DNA shed by other prokaryotes in its environment

Basal Taxon

A branch that splits off early and does not branch further

Sister Taxa

2 lineages that split off the same branch point

Branch point

Point of diversion between 2 lineages

Polytomy

More than 2 sister taxa, used when we arent sure which lineage split off first

Systematics

Field of science that organizes organisms based on evolutionary lineage

Taxonomy

is the science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each organism placed into increasingly more inclusive groupings.

Carl Linnaeus

Swedish botanist+zoologist that invented the taxonomic system

Binomial Nomenclature

The 2 part names based on genus and species that every species is given

Homology

A trait shared between 2 species

Homoplasy

When 2 similar or same traits evolve separate of one another in different lineages

Clade

A group of species in a tree that includes organisms that all share the same trait while excluding ones that don't

Shared ancestral character

A trait shared by the common ancestor of the group.

Shared derived trait

A trait only some species share in a group. The trait came about after the initial divergence in the group

Maximum parsimony

Ideology that events typically occur in the simplest and most straightforward way.

Horizontal Gene transfer

transfer of genes between unrelated species

Central Dogma

DNA-->RNA-->Proteins

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor: Shares certain traits with all (currently) living organisms: Cells, Central Dogma, use of ATP, and presence of organic compounds.

Prokaryotes

Catch-all term for all Bacteria and most Archaea (excludes protists and eukaryotes.) Defined by being single-celled organisms that lack organelles and often have a single, circular chromosome instead of multiple, linear ones. Not a monophyletic group.

Chloroplasts

cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis; in plants, result of secondary endosymbiosis

endosymbiosis

engulfment of one cell within another such that the engulfed cell survives, and both cells benefit; the process responsible for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes

Translation

Prokaryote takes in DNA from other prokaryotes and integrates it

Transduction

Bacteriophages edit and remove/add short pieces of DNA from one bacterium to another

Conjugation

DNA is transfered from 1 prokaryote to another through a pilus.

Photoautotroph

metabolism in which energy is derived from light and carbon is derived from inorganic carbon

chemoautotroph

metabolism in which energy is derived from chemical bonds and carbon is derived from inorganic carbon

photoheterotroph

metabolism in which energy is derived from light and carbon is derived from organic carbon

chemoheterotroph

metabolism in which energy is derived from chemical bonds and carbon is derived from organic carbon

Decomposers

Organisms that break down of plants and animals and their organic compounds so that they can be readily used by other organisms

Nitrogen fixation

The transformation of gaseous nitrogen into more accessible forms such as ammonia (NH3)

Pathogenic

An organism able to cause disease

Emerging disease

One which has appeared in a population or area for the first time

Antibiotic

A chemical hostile to the growth of other organism

Biotechnology

any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

Bioremediation

use of prokaryotes to remove pollutants

Metagenomics

method used to classify prokayotic diversity that involves collecting a sample from the environment and generating/analyzing genomic (DNA) or functional (RNA) diversity

Eukaryotes

Organisms that contain all of these traits: Nuclei surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores Mitochondria Cytoskeleton made of microtubules and microfilaments Flagella and Cilia Linear Chromosomes held with histones Mitosis Sexual Reproduction Cell Walls

Lynn Marguis

Surmised the endosymbiotic theory

Endosymbiotic theory

Theory that states eukaryotes may have been the product of engulfing other cells and the other living within the original over time until the two were no longer distinguishable and shared genetic control of a mutualistic metabolic pathway to produce ATP

Mitochondria

Organelles that are centers of production of ATP via aerobic respiration. Can vary greatly in size and shape, and limited to eukaryotes only. Cells cannot create new ones, only retaining ones from parent cells that then split and reproduce

Chloroplasts

Organelles that store pigments involved in the harvesting of energy via photosynthesis. Also believed to have came about from the endosymbiosis theory.

Primary Endosymbiosis

Direct intake of a prokaryotic cell that eventually evolves to become indistringuishable

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Indirect intake of these organelles by absorbing an already existing organism that contains these organelles

Secondary metabolites

Complex organisms that deter animals from eating them through noxious and unpleasant tastes

Cuticle

Outer layer of plants that protects it from dessication and water loss

Stoma

Pores on a plant that open and close and allow gas exchange, specifically CO2

Flavonoids

Chemicals that provide protection from UV light

Lignin

Compound in Land plant cell walls that support structures off of the ground

Apical meristem

Tissue found in roots and and shoots of land plants that allows growth throughout lifeT

Tracheids

Lignin reinforced vascular cells specialized for water conduction

Fronds

Large. divided leaves that come from ferns. Also carry sori on their undersides

Fiddlehead

The tip of a developing frond that unrolls at it develops

Homospory

A reproductive organ that only produces one type of spore.

Sori

Reproductive organs found on the underside of Fronds.

Heterospory

A plant that produces more than 1 type of spore. Contains all seed plants.

Megaspores

Female Gametes (megaspores) that develop into eggs

Microspores

Male gametes (microspores) that develop into pollen

Carpel

Female part of a flower: is what gets pollinated

Stamen

Male part of a flower: is covered in pollen

amoeboid motion

movement of a unicellular organism in which a pseudopodia is extended in one direction and the rest of the cell follows; found in Rhizaria and Ameobozoa

Guard Cells

Cells that open stoma

Phagocytosis

process of surrounding and engulfing food to eat it.

Multinucleated cells

Cells with multiple nuclei

Chitin

Material used to reinforce the cell walls of Fungi: Also found in exoskeletons of certain insects

Spores

Haploid cells that undergo mitosis to form multicelluar, haploid individuals

Mycorrhizae

Root like structures that fungi use to exchange water and nutrients with plants.

Mycellium

A collection of hyphae

Saprobes

Organisms that derive their nutrients from decaying matter

Mycosis

Refers to a disease caused by presence of a fungus

Exoenzyme

enzymes released outside of cells by fungi; break down insoluble compounds such as the cellulose and lignin of dead wood

Heterotrophic

Term referring to organisms that must consuming another for energy/nutrients, either dead or alive

Fertilization

Process by which a very small male haploid cell enters a female haploid cell and produces a diploid zygote

Cleavage

A series of mitotic cell divisions that a zygote undergoes, eventually growing into an embryo

Radial Symmetry

symmetry around a central axis

Bilateral Symmetry

Symmetry along a horizontal axis

Rotational Symmetry

Radial symmetry but the division will produce 2 of the same halves

Ediacaran Period

Time period before the Cambrian explosion in which animals developed: feather or coin shaped found in southern australia

Cambrian explosion

Event in which the diversity of the animal kingdom exploded, the most rapid period of evolution in Earth's history. Animals resembling echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and chordates arose during this period

Trilobites

Organism that arose during the Cambrian explosion, believed to be the first with some semblance of vision.

Ordovician period