All living organisms are-

-composed of cells

The cell is the-

-most basic unit of life

All cells arise from-

-preexisting, living cells

All cells come from-

-cell division

Cell division involves-

-dividing the contents of a cell between two daughter cells

Cell division passes on-

-exact copies of the cells DNA

Plant Meristems

Embryonic tissues of rapidly growing cells

Apical Meristems

Increase length of stems and roots (buds are dormant)

Lateral Meristems

Increase girth of stems and roots

Another word for Meristematic cells

Initials ("stem cells")

Derivatives

Cells that develop from Meristems (initials), they do not usually divide

Cyclin-dependent kinases

Regulate and control progress of the cell cycle

Cell growth

A cycle of dividing and developing (enlarging)

Interphase

One of two steps of the cell cycle hat is the cell development (growth)

M-Phase

One of two steps of the cell cycle that is cell division, includes mitosis (division of the nucleus), and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)

First step of Interphase

Nucleus migrates to center of the cell (G1-Phase)

Second step of Interphase

Phragmosome begins to form (Phragmo means barrier/fence)

Third step of Interphase

Preprophase band forms (G2-Phase)

M-Phase

When cell division occurs (Mitosis), includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis

Prophase

The first step in Mitosis 1. Chromosomes condense 2. Prophase spindle forms 3. Nuclear envelope "breaks up"

Metaphase

The second step in Mitosis 1. Mitotic spindle attaches to kinetochores 2. Chromosomes align on Metaphase plate

Anaphase

The third step in Mitosis 1. Sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes

Telophase

The fourth step in Mitosis 1. Reverse of Prophase 2. Cytokinesis begins

Cytokinesis (in plants)

The final step in Mitosis 1. Phragmoplast forms during Telophase 2. Cell plate forms from vesicles and grows outward

A chromosome is a-

-single DNA molecule

Chromatin is the-

-DNA-histone complex in the nucleus (Eurchromatin and Heterochromatin)

A genome is the-

-complete set of DNA in a cell

Structure of a chromosome

Chromatids, Centromere, Telomere, and Kinetochore

Genomes have a-

-set number of chromosomes (the human genome has 46 per cell, 23 pairs)

Ploidy

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, haploid cells have one full set and diploid cells have two full sets

Plants are-

-flexible as to ploidy, they may be diploid, triploid, teteaploid, to polyploid

Typically somatic cells (body cells) are-

-diploid

Typically gametic cells (germ cells) are-

-haploid

Sexual Reproduction

Syngamy -Gamete -Zygote -Embryo

Asexual Reproduction

-Spore -Vegatative reproduction/propagation -Apomixis

Meiosis

Consists of Meiosis 1 (Reduction %) and Meiosis 2 (as in Mitosis)

Meiosis 1

(Reduction step), consists of Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, and Telophase 1

Prophase 1

The first step in Meiosis 1 1.Homologues synapse (forming covalents, synaptonemal complex) 2. Crossing over (chiasma)

Metaphase 1

The second step in Meiosis 1 1. Bivalents align

Anaphase 1

The third step in Meiosis 1 1. Homologues separate

Results of Meiosis

-Formation of 4 haploid cells -Genetic recombination (Mitosis results in identical nuclei and Meiosis results in different nuclei)

Inheritance

The passing of traits from one generation to the next

Traits are coded for by-

-genes

Genes are segments of-

-DNA on a chromosome

The location of a gene on a chromosome

Locus

Alleles are-

-alternative forms of a gene, they are located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes

Genetics

The study of heredity

The principle of segregation (Mendel's 1st law)

Genes (traits) segregate during gametogenesis (Meiosis), some alleles mask the expression of other alleles

Dominant alleles

The expressed trait

Recessive alleles

The unexpressed trait

Phenotype

The physical expression of a trait

Genotype

The genetic makeup that produces a trait

Homozygous genotype

Both alleles are the same (Homozygous dominant (AA) and Homozygous recessive (aa))

Heterozygous genotype

Both alleles are different (Aa)

The principle of independent assortment (Mendel's 2nd law)

The segregation of genes (and their alleles) is independent of other genes/and their alleles, this is demonstrated using a dihybrid cross

Pleiotropy

Genes with multiple phenotypic effects (like sickle cell disease)

Mutation

A change to the hereditary makeup of an organism

Cytoplasmic Inheritance

Maternal inheritance

Mutation

A change to the hereditary make-up of an organism

Point Mutation

Changes to the DNA sequence that is caused by mutagens

Mutagens

Cause mutations

Chromosome Mutations

Changes of the chromosomes

Deletions

A chromosome mutation that is the loss of regions of a chromosome

Duplications

A chromosome mutation that is the doubling of part of a chromosome

Inversions

A chromosome mutation that is the inverting of a segment of a chromosome

Translocations

A chromosome mutation that is the exchange of non-homologous pieces of DNA

Position Effects

Change in the location of segments of the DNA

Transposons

('jumping genes') Movable genetic elements

Genome Mutations

Changes to the genome

Anueploidy

Adding or subtracting individual chromosomes

Polyploidy

Adding or subtracting whole sets of chromosomes