What were warning signs of the eruption?

- Tremors - Sea drawing back - clouds coming out of Vesuvius

effects of the eruption

- ash clouds blocked out the sun - cities buried under ash - molten rocks flying out of the volcano - pumis raining down - pyroclastic flow

How were the casts made?

Plaster of Paris was poured into cavities in the ash to preserve the shape of what was there

How were people killed in the eruptian?

- People could suffocate from the ash - Could be killed by the falling debris - Roof might come down on them due to pumis - Pyroclastic flow

Why was escape from the eruption so difficult?

- debris in the bay made it impossible to get out by sea. - many people didn't know what was happening and left it too late to get away

Who was Vesta?

- Goddess of the hearth, home and family - Offerings of food were given to the fire - Burning incense

Who were panates?

- Were worshipped as the protectors of the household - Were responsible for keeping food in the house - Offerings were portions of food, wine, honey, special cakes and incense - A portion of food was kept from each meal and then burned in the fire as an offering to them

Who was Lares?

- Responsible for protecting the family, ensuring wellbeing and prosperity - Daily offerings of food, wine and incense

Who was Genius?

- Like a guardian angel / a person's spirit - Would accompany a man for his whole life - Each person worshipped their own genius

Who was Janus?

- God of beginnings, transitions and gateways and passages (statue by the door, entering and leaving) - Depicted with 2 faces, shows how he can see both past and future - Evoked at important events, journeys and ceremonies

What was the Lararium?

- A small shrine in the Atrium

How was Isis important in Pompeii?

- Isis was very popular in Pompeii especially to women, lower class people and freedmen - The cult has ideas of resurrection, immortality and life after death

What was the cult of Mithras?

- Mithras was originally a god of the sun, justice and war - Said to be born from a rock - Particularly popular with soldiers - The temple (Mithraeum) was located underground in a rocky cave - The centre piece of every mithraeum was the representation of mithras killing a sacred bull, the so called tauroctony

What was the cult of Baccus?

- Roman equivalent of the greek god dionysus - Festivals were held in secret and attended by only women - The villa of mysteries had an initiation chamber used for important rites of passage - Bacchus was associated with drinking and sensuality - frescoes are believed to depict a woman being initiated into the Dionysian Mysteries

How was seating arranged in the theatre?

- Women and slaves sat at the back - Front seats for important citizens - on the ground in the centre was the orchestra

In fulleries what was used to bleach clothes?

- Fullers earth and urine - applying sulphur as it dried

how was clothes washed in fulleries?

- by slaves stomping on them in huge pools

Why was it hard to work in a bakery?

- Heat from the ovens - working the dough for hours a day - the smell of animals as donkeys were used to turn the millstones

What was the thermapolium?

- shops/bars that sold food like a fast food place - guest rooms available upstairs - people could sit at the counter to eat or 'take away'

how was food kept warm in the thermapolium?

- masonry counter contained 'dolia' pots to keep food warm

What was the 'palaestra' at the baths?

- An outdoor exercise area to run, lift weights or wrestle to work up a sweat before washing.

What could you see in the theatre?

- Comedies, tragedies, pantomimes

What could you see at the amphitheatre?

- Gladiatorial combat, re-enactments of wild animal hunts, mock battles, public executions

conditions working in a fullery?

- Slaves spent hours a day with their feet in water leading to bad infections

What was the 'apodyterium' at the baths?

- Changing room where slaves guarded belogings.

What was the warm room of the Roman baths called?

- 'tepidarium' it had a shallow pool and a dry area where people could receive massages etc.

What was the hot room called of the roman baths?

'Caldarium' it was like a sauna and had a cold water fountain to splash your face and a curved ceiling with grooves so that the water could run down the walls to the bottom

What was the cold room called at the roman baths?

'Frigidarium' it had a cold splash pool

What were some of the buildings around the forum?

The main temples, government buildings, the law courts and business exchanges were grouped around the forum

What was on the east side of the forum?

On the east side stood the food market (Macellum), the sanctuary of the Lares Publici, the temple of Vespasian, the building of Eumachia, which possibly served as a wool market, and the Comitium

What was at the north end of the forum?

- At the north end was the temple of Jupiter and 2 honorary arches

What was on the west side of the forum?

- On the west side was situated the Basilica (law court), the temple of Apollo, the grain market and warehouse

Was the forum enclosed?

- The area was enclosed on three sides by a portico. - The base of the portico was raised above ground level by three steps, thus the area of the forum was closed to wheeled traffic.

What did people go to the forum for?

- It was where trade was carried out, business deals conducted and men went to be seen with their entourage. - The people of Pompeii would go to the forum to hire a doctor, read the latest edict from Rome or even trade goods in the market.

similarities between the forum and modern world?

- We have farmers markets/weekly markets - similar to stalls in the forum + the macellum (covered market) - Religious buildings - churches + mosques can be very central in modern towns like the temples of jupiter in pompeii - Council offices are often in modern towns so people can get permits/wedding licence etc. like the municipal buildings around the Forum - Lawcourts - sheriff court in Edinburgh is central

differences between the forum and modern world?

- We don't have weights and measures - shops are bound by law to give the right service - Temples have altars where people gather for sacrifices - modern religions buildings don't have this - We have less public toilets as they are within shops and cafes have their own public toilets. Pompeii has public toilets just off the Forum - We have shopping centres where shops are under one roof - Forum has different areas for different things e.g. covered market, open stalls etc.

differences between the roman baths and modern leisure centre?

- Men + women mix in modern spas/gym but were separate in ancient Rome as they were naked. - Naked in ancient baths and swimsuits in modern - We don't use a leisure centre to wash - it was the romans only opportunity to wash as they didn't have water piped to their houses - You don't need a slave to guard your belongings. We have lockable lockers.

similarities between the roman baths and modern leisure centre?

- Exercise - gym, weights etc. Like in the Palaestra - Social place - you might go with friends to swim or workout. - Like the romans went to chat with friends/ do business - have 'health suites' with a sauna and a jacuzzi - Treatments - beauty and spa treatments which is same as massages and hair plucking at ancient baths