Peak Union Bodies

Most unions are also affiliated with state bodies such as the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), which formulates and coordinates national union policies and represents union movements in court

Peak Employer Bodies

Represent employer associations

Human Resource Managers

They deal with things like negotiating employment agreements with employees and their representatives, dealing with disputes and conflict

Management Strategies used to Respond to KPI's

- Staff Training - Staff Motivation - Change in Management Styles - Investment in Technology - Improving Quality - Cost Cutting - Lean Production - Redeployment of Resources - Innovation - Global Sourcing - Overseas Manufacture - Global Outsourcing

Differentiation Strategy

Making your products or services different from and more attractive than competitors

Learning Organisation

Businesses where managers and staff continually seek to expand their capacity to achieve the results they desire - Systems Thinking - Personal Mastery - Mental Modes - Building Shared Vision - Team Learning

Leadership

The ability to influence or motivate people towards the achievement of business objectives

Lower Cost Strategy

A business seeking to become the business with the lowest production costs in its industry

Restraining Forces

- Managers - Employees - Time - Organisational Inertia - Legislation - Financial Considerations

Key Performance Indicator Definition

Specific criteria used to measure the efficiency and/or effectiveness of a businesses performance

Proactive

Initiating change rather than simply reacting to events

Reactive

Waiting for change to occur and then responding to it

Force Field Analysis

Outlines the process of determining which forces drive and which forces resist

Global Outsourcing

The contracting of a specific business operation to an external person or business in another country

Overseas Manufacture

The production of a good in a country different to the location of the businesses headquarters

Global Sourcing

Seeking the most cost efficient materials and other inputs, including from countries overseas

Global Considerations

- Global Sourcing - Overseas Manufacture - Global Outsourcing

Zero Defects

All about the business striving for perfection, errors or defects need to be identified

Takt

The average time that passes between production starting on one unit and the next unit in order to meet demand

Reuse

Taking old or unwanted items you might otherwise throw away and finding a new use for them

Employee Empowerment

Use quality circles to achieve employee empowerment where groups of workers meet to solve problems related to quality

Quality Improvement

- Quality Control - Quality assurance - Total Quality Management

Quality Control

The use of inspections at various points in the production process to check for problems and defects

Quality Assurance

The use of a system so that a business achieves set standards in production. It is a proactive strategy. Many businesses use the ISO 9001 series of standards

Total Quality Management

An ongoing business wide commitment to excellence - Customer focus - Continuous Improvement - Employee Involvement - Defect Prevention

Materials Management

The strategy that manages the use, storage and delivery of materials - Master Production Schedule - Materials Requirement Planning - Inventory Control - Just In Time - Forecasting

Just In Time

A materials management strategy that ensures the right amount of material inputs will arrive only as they are needed

Forecasting

Relies on data from the past and present in an attempt to determine future events

Inventory Control

Ensures that the operations system has access to the right amounts of inputs when required

Materials Requirement Planning

Involves developing an itemized list of all materials required in production

Master Production Schedule

A plan that details what is to be produced, in what quantities and when

Business Competitiveness

The ability of a business to sell products in a market

Common Law Action

Parties may make direct claims for damages caused by industrial action

Arbitration

Independent third party hearing both arguments and determining the outcome

Mediation

Neutral third party who helps but does not offer suggestions or solutions

Unprotected Action

Industrial action that takes place before the expiry date of the previous agreement is considered to be unprotected therefore unlawful

Disputes

Disagreements or dissatisfaction between individuals and/ or groups

Negotiation

A process where one party asks for something from another party - Benefits - Hours - Standards - Pay

Enterprise Agreement

An agreement on pay and conditions made at the workplace level and negotiated between employees and employers

Award

A legally binding document determined by the Fair Work Commission That sets out minimum wages and conditions for industries

Employees

More closely involved in the process of developing new or changed agreements

Theories of Motivation

- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory - 4 Drives theory

Three Step Change Model

Unfreeze - Preparing for change Change - Moving from old situation to new situation Refreeze - Putting strategies in place to keep change stable

High Risk Strategies

- Threat - Manipulation

CSR

The obligations a businesses has to go above and beyond its legal responsibilities to the wellbeing of Stakeholders and the environment

Types of Businesses

- Sole Trader - Partnership - Companies - Social Enterprise - Government Enterprise

Social Enterprise

A main aim to fulfil social objectives

Government Enterprise

Government owned and operated, provides essential services in health, transport, communications, housing etc.

Management Styles

- Autocratic - Persuasive - Consultative - Participative - Laissez Faire

Autocratic Features

- One way Communication - Centralised decision making

Persuasive Features

- One way Communication - Centralised decision making

Consultative Features

- Two way communication - Mostly centralised decision making

Participative Features

- Two way communication - Decentralised decision making

Laissez Faire

- Two way communication - Decentralised decision making

Termination Management

- Retirement - Resignation - Redundancy - Dismissal - Unfair Dismissal

Employer Associations

Organisations that represent employer groups - Master Builders Association

Transition Considerations

Issues relating to the process of changing from one job to another

4 Principles of Lean Management

- Pull - One Piece Flow - Takt - Zero Defects

Lean Management

Identifies 7 wastes that a business should work towards eliminating - Excess Transportation - Excess Inventory - Excess Motion - Waiting/ Idle time - Over Processing - Overproducing - Reducing Defects

One Piece Flow

Eliminating waiting time or idle time

Pull

Avoiding overproduction and stockpiling

Performance Management

Improving both business and individual performance by relating business performance objectives to individual employee performance objectives

Performance Management Strategies

- Management by Objectives - Appraisal - Employee Self Evaluation - Employee observation

Management Skills

- Communication - Delegation - Planning - Leadership - Decision making - Interpersonal Skills

Stakeholders

- Owners - Managers - Employees - Customers - Shareholders - General Community - Suppliers

Goal Setting Theory

Employees are motivated by clear goals and appropriate feedback - Clarity - Challenge - Commitment - Feedback - Task Complexity

Employers

Employers handle workplace relation issues everyday

5 Key Roles of Government

- Legislation - Employer - Economic Manager - Administrate Government Policies - Representatives of Australia Internationally

Business Objectives

- Profit - Market Share - Efficiency - Effectiveness - Social Need - Market Need - Shareholder Expectations

Fair Work Commission

- Helps resolve disputes - Deal with unfair dismissal - Regulation of industrial action - Set minimum wage level

Negotiation

Discussions between parties that result in a compromise

Operations Management

All the activities in which managers engage to produce goods or services

Reduce

Achieved by creating less waste - Just In Time - Quality Management

Recycle

Changing discarded materials into new products to avoid using virgin materials

CSR in Operations Management

- Managing Inputs Appropriately - Managing Suppliers Appropriately - Managing Staff Appropriately - Environmentally Sustainable Products - Aware of Amount of Waste Generated

Business Change

The adoption of a new idea or behaviour by a business

Strategies to Develop CC

- Change Management Style - Implementing Policies - Rewarding Employees - Establishing Rites and Rituals

Low Risk Strategies

- Communication - Empowerment - Support - Incentives

Conducting Force Field Analysis

1. Identify Forces and Weight them 2. Prioritise Top Restraining and Driving Forces 3. List actions and implement a response 4. Evaluate the Response

Participants in the Workplace

- HR - Employees - Employers - Unions - FWC

Entitlement Considerations

The rights to benefits that employees have when leaving the workplace

Motivation Strategies

- Performance Related Pay - Career Advancement - Sanction - Support - Investment in Training

Vision Statement

States what the business desires to become

Mission Statement

Expresses why the business exists, its purpose and how it will operate

5 Areas of Management Responsibility

- Finance - IT Support - Operations - Sales Marketing - HR Management

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

All people have needs to be satisfied, and they will work towards satisfying them 1. Physiological 2. Safety and Security 3. Social 4. Esteem 5. Self Actualisation

4 Drives Theory

The four main drives that shape the way people think and behave - Drive to acquire - Drive to bond - Drive to learn - Drive to defend

Trade Unions

Organisations formed by employees to represent them, who also investigate suspected breaches of workplace laws

10 National Employment Standards

- Annual Leave - Public Holidays - Parental Leave - Max Weekly Hours - Right to Request Flexibility - Personal, Carers, Compassionate Leave - Community Service Leave - Long Service Leave - Notice of Termination and Redundancy Pay - Provision of a FW Information Statement

Individual Contracts

Covers employees not under an award or agreement

Protected Industrial Action

Action taken by either party to dispute that has been approved by the FWC

Technology

- Automation - Robotics - CAD - CAM - Artificial Intelligence - Online Services

Waste Minimisation

Involving the reduction of unwanted or unusable resources produced by a business - Reduce - Reuse - Recycle

Environmental Sustainability

A business making decisions that will allow it and the rest of society to continue to interact with the environment

Competitive Advantage

When a business has a lower cost price structure than its competitors

10 KPI's

- Percentage of Market Share - Net Profit Figures - Number of Sales - Rate of Productivity Growth - Rate of Staff Absenteeism - Level of Staff Turnover - Level of Wastage - Number of Customer Complaints - Number of Website Hits - Number of Workplace Accidents

Driving Forces

- Managers - Employees - Legislation - Pursuit of Profit - Technology - Societal Attitude - Innovation

Sole Trader

A business owned and operated by one person - Not regarded as a separate legal entity - Unlimited Liability - Personal tax file number

Partnership

A business owned by two or more people - Typically, a maximum of 20 partners - Unlimited Liability - Own tax file number

Incorporation

The process a business goes through to become a registered company - Benefit of limited liability - Administered by the AUSTRALIAN SECURITIES AND INVESTMENTS COMMISSION (ASIC)

Private Limited Companies

An incorporated business that has a minimum of one shareholder and a maximum of 50 non-employee shareholders, and whose shares are offered - Must have at least one Dictator - Limited Liability

Public Listed Company

An incorporated business with a minimum of one shareholder and no maximum - Openly traded on the Australian Securities Exchange - Limited Liability - Minimum of three Directors

Social Enterprise

A business with the objective of fulfilling a social need - Providing opportunities to unemployed people - Providing essential services to disadvantaged communities - Focusing on waste minimisation and recycling

Government Enterprise

A type of business that is government-owned and operated - Goal of making a profit - Some of the largest employers in Australia

Business Objective

A desired outcome or specific result that a business intends to achieve

Employees and Shareholder Conflict

Employees want safe working conditions and reasonable wage, this may impact the businesses profit and dividends to shareholders

Management and Customers Conflict

Management may raise prices to increase profit leading to dissatisfied customers who wish for reasonably priced products

Management and General Community Conflicts

Management might decide to cut costs by neglecting maintenance which could put members of the community at risk

Suppliers and General Community Conflicts

Suppliers may use unethical practices which may upset the general community

Management and Suppliers Conflict

Management wishes to keep costs down but suppliers providing ethical materials require higher prices

Contingency Management Theory

The need for flexibility and the adaption of management styles to suit the situation - Nature of the task - Time - Employee experience - Manager preference

Communication

The ability to transfer information from a sender to a receiver, and listen to feedback

Delegation

The ability to transfer authority and responsibility from a manager to an employee to carry out specific activities - Helps time management - enables staff to learn new skills - Be used to build trust

Planning

The ability to define business objectives and decide on the methods or strategies to achieve them - Strategic (Long-term) - Tactical (Medium-term) Flexible and adaptable planning - Operational (Short-term) Daily and Weekly production schedules

SWOT

-Strengths -Weaknesses -Opportunities -Threats

Decision Making

The ability to identify the options available and then choose a specific course of action

Interpersonal Skills

The ability to deal or cooperate with people and build positive relationships with staff -Used to inspire and influence staff