Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition where one vertebra slips forward or backward over the bone below it, most commonly in the lower back (lumbar spine).

Spiral Fracture

A spiral fracture is a complete bone break where a corkscrew-shaped fracture line twists around the shaft of a long bone.

Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a neural tube birth defect where the spinal column and surrounding membranes fail to close completely during the first month of pregnancy, leaving a gap in the spine.

Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a medical condition where the spine curves sideways into a C- or S-shape, usually diagnosed during childhood or the early teen years.

Rickets

Rickets is a childhood bone disorder that causes softening, weakening, and bending of the bones due to a prolonged deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovial membranes lining the joints, causing painful inflammation, swelling, and eventual cartilage or bone erosion.

Prosthesis

A prosthesis is an artificial device that replaces a missing or non-functioning body part, such as a limb, organ, joint, or tooth.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory condition that causes severe pain and morning stiffness in the shoulders, neck, and hips.

Podiatrist

A podiatrist (Doctor of Podiatric Medicine, or DPM) is a specialized physician and surgeon who diagnoses, treats, and prevents medical conditions affecting the feet, ankles, and lower legs.

Periostitis

Periostitis is the inflammation of the periosteum, the dense layer of connective tissue that wraps around the outside of bones.

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive, outpatient medical procedure that injects bone cement (polymethylmethacrylate, or PMMA) directly into a fractured or collapsed spinal vertebra using needle guidance under X-ray (fluoroscopy).

Pathologic Fracture

A pathologic fracture is a broken bone that occurs because an underlying disease or condition has already abnormally weakened the bone structure, causing it to break under normal daily stress or minimal force rather than from a major injury.

Paget's Disease

Paget's disease of bone is a chronic skeletal disorder that disrupts normal bone remodeling, causing old bone to break down faster and get replaced with weak, disorganized new tissue.

Osteorrhaphy

Osteorrhaphy is the surgical procedure of suturing or wiring together fragments of a broken bone to help it heal. It is also known as osteosuture.

Osteoporotic Hip Fracture

An osteoporotic hip fracture is a severe, fragility-induced break in the upper portion of the thigh bone (femur) caused by weakened bone density and low-energy events like a simple fall from standing height.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a medical condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and much more likely to break.

Osteopenia

Osteopenia is a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal, serving as a warning sign that bridges healthy bone and osteoporosis.

osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a painful infection and inflammation of the bone and bone marrow, usually caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus.

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is a medical condition that causes adult bones to become soft and weak due to a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus.

Osteoclasis

Osteoclasis is the intentional breaking of a bone to fix a physical deformity or a badly healed fracture.

Osteochandroma

An osteochondroma is the most common noncancerous (benign) bone tumor, characterized by a bony growth capped with cartilage that typically develops near the growth plates of long bones during childhood or adolescence.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of joint disease, caused by the gradual breakdown of protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones. This degenerative condition leads to joint pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, and it is managed through a variety of lifestyle, medical, and surgical options.

Osteitis

inflammation of bone tissue

orthotic

An orthotic (or orthosis) is a specialized device—such as a shoe insert, heel pad, or custom ankle brace—worn to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities and improve the function of the foot, ankle, or lower limbs. 

Orthopedic surgeon

An orthopedic surgeon is a medical doctor who diagnoses, prevents, and treats conditions of the musculoskeletal system—including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves.

Open fracture

An open fracture (or compound fracture) is a broken bone that punctures the skin or is exposed to an open wound, creating a direct pathway for bacteria and contamination.

Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a rare blood cancer that starts in the plasma cells—a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow that normally helps fight infections by producing antibodies. When these plasma cells become cancerous, they multiply uncontrollably and produce abnormal proteins (called M proteins or monoclonal proteins) instead of helpful antibodies.

Metatarsals

The metatarsals are a group of five long bones in the human foot that connect the ankle area to the toes.

Metacarpals

Metacarpals are the five long bones that form the skeleton of the palm of the hand, connecting the wrist bones (carpals) to the finger bones (phalanges).

Manubrium

The manubrium is the wide, handle-shaped upper segment of the sternum (breastbone) in humans and other vertebrates.

Malleolus

A malleolus is a bony prominence or bump on either side of the ankle joint, formed by the lower ends of the lower leg bones.

Lumbago

Lumbago is a general term for lower back pain affecting the lumbar region between the lower ribs and the buttocks.

Lordosis

Lordosis is the medical term for the natural or excessive inward curve of the spine, usually affecting the lower back (lumbar spine) or neck (cervical spine). While a slight curve is normal and helps absorb shock, an exaggerated curve is often called "swayback" or hyperlordosis.

Laminectomy

A laminectomy is a type of spinal surgery that removes part or all of the lamina (the bony arch of a vertebra) to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is an excessive forward rounding of the upper back that measures over 50 degrees, causing a hunched or slouching posture.

Juvenile rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)—now officially called juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)—is the most common type of chronic arthritis in children under the age of 16.

Internal Fixation

Internal fixation is a surgical procedure used to reattach and stabilize severe broken bones using metal hardware placed inside the body. It is often part of a process called Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF).

Hemopoietic

Hemopoietic (also spelled hematopoietic) refers to the process of forming blood cells and cellular components, or to the tissues and organs responsible for this production.

Hemarthrosis

Hemarthrosis is the bleeding into a synovial joint cavity (such as the knee, elbow, or hip), which leads to rapid pain, swelling, warmth, and a restricted range of motion.

Hallux Valgus

Hallux valgus, commonly known as a bunion, is a foot deformity where the big toe leans toward the second toe and causes a painful bony bump on the inner side of the foot.

Gout

Gout is a painful type of inflammatory arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints.

Dual x-ray absorpticmetry

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) is a fast, non-invasive medical imaging test that uses low-dose X-rays with two different energy levels to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and analyze body composition (including lean mass, fat mass, and visceral fat).

Crepitation

Crepitation (also known as crepitus) is a medical term for a grating, crackling, popping, or crunching sound or sensation produced by friction within the body.

Craniostenosis

Craniosynostosis (often referred to as craniostenosis) is a congenital condition where one or more of the fibrous joints (sutures) in an infant's skull prematurely fuse and turn into bone. This affects about 1 in 2,000 to 2,500 live births.

Costochondritris

Costochondritis is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects your ribs to your breastbone (sternum), causing sharp or aching chest pain that worsens with deep breaths or movement.

Compression fracture

A vertebral compression fracture occurs when a bone in the spine (vertebra) collapses or is crushed under too much pressure, most commonly in the thoracic (mid-back) or lumbar (lower-back) regions.

Comminuted Fracture

A comminuted fracture is a severe type of broken bone where the bone shatters or splinters into three or more pieces.

Chondromalacia

Chondromalacia (specifically chondromalacia patellae or "runner's knee") is the softening and breakdown of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap, which causes friction and pain in the knee joint.

Avascular necrosis

Avascular necrosis (AVN), also known as osteonecrosis, is the death of bone tissue caused by a temporary or permanent loss of blood supply.

autologous

Autologous means derived, collected, and returned or transplanted from the same individual's body. In an autologous medical procedure, the patient serves as both the donor and the recipient.

arthroscopy

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that doctors use to diagnose and treat problems inside a joint using a tiny camera called an arthroscope.