What is law?

A system of rules that governs society

What does law provide society?

Order, fairness, safety, predictability

What happens without law?

Chaos, injustice, unsafe society

What is the Rule of Law?

Everyone including the government must obey the law

What is Due Process?

Fair treatment in the legal system

What is Stare Decisis?

Courts follow previous decisions

What is Ratio Decidendi?

The binding reason for a court decision

What is Obiter Dicta?

Judge’s comments that are persuasive but not binding

What was Hammurabi’s Code?

First written laws, eye for an eye

What was Mosaic Law?

Ten Commandments, equality under God

What did Greek law introduce?

Juries and citizen participation

What did Roman law contribute?

Contracts, property law, compensation

What was the Justinian Code?

Organized Roman law that influenced civil law

What did Anglo-Saxon law create?

Juries and common law

What is Indigenous law focused on?

Healing, reconciliation, community

What is Substantive law?

Defines rights and responsibilities

What is Procedural law?

How laws are enforced

What is Public law?

Government vs individuals

What is Private law?

Individuals vs individuals

What are the 4 steps of legal analysis?

Facts, law, apply, conclusion

What is the purpose of the Charter?

Protect people from government abuse

What does Section 2 protect?

Fundamental freedoms

Name four fundamental freedoms

Religion, expression, peaceful assembly, association

What do Sections 3–5 protect?

Democratic rights

What are mobility rights?

Live, work, travel anywhere in Canada

What does Section 7 protect?

Life, liberty, security

What does Section 11(d) protect?

Innocent until proven guilty

What does Section 15 protect?

Equality rights

What are enumerated grounds?

Race, religion, sex, age, disability

What are analogous grounds?

Sexual orientation, marital status, citizenship

What did R v Oakes create?

The Oakes Test

What is the purpose of the Oakes Test?

To justify limits on rights

What are the four parts of the Oakes Test?

Important goal, rational connection, minimal impairment, proportionality

What is Section 33?

The Notwithstanding Clause

How long can Section 33 last?

Five years

What is a BFOR?

A valid job requirement

What is a summary offence?

A minor crime

What is an indictable offence?

A serious crime

What is a hybrid offence?

Crown chooses how to charge

What is Actus Reus?

The guilty act

What is Mens Rea?

The guilty mind

What is strict liability?

Act only, defence is due diligence

What is absolute liability?

Act only, no defence

What is intention?

Deliberately doing something

What is recklessness?

Knowing the risk but doing it anyway

What is negligence?

Failing to meet a reasonable standard

What is first-degree murder?

Planned and deliberate

What is second-degree murder?

Intentional but not planned

What is manslaughter?

Killing without intent

What is simple assault?

Minor force, no injury

What is aggravated assault?

Serious or life-threatening injury

What is self-defence?

Using reasonable force to protect yourself

What is automatism?

Acting without control

What does NCR mean?

Not criminally responsible

What ages does the YCJA apply to?

Ages 12 to 17

What is the main goal of the YCJA?

Rehabilitation and reintegration

What are mitigating factors?

Reduce punishment

What are aggravating factors?

Increase punishment

What is civil law?

Law dealing with private disputes

What is the goal of civil law?

Compensation

What is pecuniary damage?

Financial loss

What is non-pecuniary damage?

Pain and suffering

What are special damages?

Out-of-pocket expenses

What are punitive damages?

Punish the defendant

What are nominal damages?

Symbolic money

What is negotiation?

Parties talk to settle

What is mediation?

Neutral person helps

What is arbitration?

Third party makes binding decision