Binary fission

the type of prokaryotic cell division that produces two identical daughter cells

Chromosome duplication

the step in binary fission where the bacterial chromosome makes an identical copy

Fission

the physical splitting of a prokaryotic parent cell into two daughter cells

Origin of replication

the specific region on a bacterial chromosome where DNA replication begins

Interphase

the preparation stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle including G1 S and G2

G1 period

the interphase stage where the cell grows

S period

the interphase stage where DNA synthesis and chromosome duplication occur

G2 period

the interphase stage where mass cell structures are produced

Duplicated chromosome

a chromosome made of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere

Sister chromatids

the identical DNA copies produced during chromosome duplication

Centromere

the region that holds sister chromatids together

Kinetochore fibers

spindle fibers that attach to the centromere region

Mitosis

the division of the nucleus

Prophase

the mitosis phase where chromosomes thicken the nucleolus disappears and the spindle forms

Prometaphase

the mitosis phase where the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

Metaphase

the mitosis phase where duplicated chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Anaphase

the mitosis phase where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase

the mitosis phase where two new nuclei form and chromosomes decondense

Cytokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm producing two identical daughter cells

Cleavage furrow

the contractile ring that divides animal cells during cytokinesis

Cell plate

the structure formed by Golgi vesicles that becomes the new plant cell wall

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism

Catabolism

metabolic reactions that break down molecules

Hydrolysis

the catabolic reaction that breaks polymers into monomers

Cellular respiration

the catabolic reaction that breaks down glucose to release energy

Anabolism

metabolic reactions that build molecules

Dehydration synthesis

the anabolic reaction that builds polymers from monomers

Photosynthesis

the anabolic reaction that builds glucose using sunlight

Exergonic reactions

reactions that release more energy than they require

Endergonic reactions

reactions that require more energy than they release

Enzyme

a regulatory protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Activation energy

the amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Catalyst

a substance that speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy

Substrate

the reactant molecule an enzyme acts upon

Active site

the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds

Induced fit

the model where the active site changes shape to fit the substrate

Enzyme substrate complex

the temporary structure formed when the enzyme binds the substrate

Cofactor

an inorganic mineral or metal that must bind to an enzyme before the substrate

Coenzyme

an organic vitamin that must bind to an enzyme before the substrate

Competitive inhibition

inhibition where a molecule binds to the active site and blocks the substrate

Noncompetitive inhibition

inhibition where a molecule binds elsewhere and changes the enzyme’s shape

Optimum temperature

the temperature at which an enzyme works at maximum activity

Optimum pH

the pH at which an enzyme works at maximum activity

Denaturation

the change in enzyme shape caused by high temperature or extreme pH

Enzyme concentration

the factor where more enzymes increase reaction rate

Substrate concentration

the factor where more substrate increases reaction rate

Time

the factor where more time increases the chance of enzyme substrate collisions

Salinity

the factor where specific salt levels affect enzyme activity