| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
A cluster of round, spherical bacteria would best be characterized as staphylococci. | True |
Which of the following is associated with gram-positive cells
| Teichoic acid and Peptidoglycan |
Ribosomes
| Complexes used to make proteins |
Plasmid | Circular, extrachromosomal DNA |
Capsule | Tight coating surrounding some bacterial cells |
Fimbriae | Short bristle-like structures used for attachment |
Inclusion bodies | Amorphous collections of reserve nutrients |
Flagella | Large whip-like structure used for motility |
Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one Carbon-Carbon double bond. | True |
Endospores are regularly used for asexual reproduction by most bacterial species. | False |
Place Koch's postulates in the correct order from start to finish. | 1. Suspected organisms are isolated and developed into pure cultures
2. Individual suspect organisms are injected into healthy, susceptible hosts
3. Determine which test hosts are healthy, and which are sick
4. Isolate suspected pathogen from test host and verify it matches an original isolate |
What bases are found in RNA | Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine |
Biogenesis | The concept that life arises from preexisting life is known as |
These are the major discoveries associated with Louis Pasteur | - Vaccine development against rabies
- Using an S-neck flask to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation
- Using brief applications of heat to reduce microorganisms in liquids such as milk and wine |
Vibrio | Comma-shaped cells that are slightly curved |
Spirochete | Elongated cells with a helical shape |
Bacilli | Rod-shaped cells |
Cocci | Round spherical cells |
Quaternary structure of protein is when one polypeptide chain folds into its three-dimensional shape. | False |
The energy for moving a molecule against its concentration gradient via secondary active transport comes from | Moving another molecule down its concentration gradient |
A solution with a pH of 2 would best be described as? | Very acidic |
What is the difference between an organic and inorganic molecule? | Organic molecules contain both carbon AND hydrogen while inorganic do not. |
What is a dipole? | A dipole is a molecule where a difference in charge has developed between an area that is
negative and another area that is positive. |
What is the ration of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates? | 2:1 |
Do saturated fatty acids contain double bonds in their carbon chains? | No, they do not |
At what level of protein folding are alpha helices and Beta-pleated sheets incorporated? | Secondary structure |
Conjugation | Direct sharing of plasmids via between bacterial cells using specialized pili |
What most likely happens if a typical cell is placed in a hypotonic environment? | Water rushes into the cell and causes lysis |
Watson and Crick | Uncover double helix structure of DNA |
Ignaz Semmelweis | Washing hands prevents spread of pathogens |
Joseph Lister | Surgical equipment should be sanitized to prevent infection |
Paul Erlich | Compounds can be used to fight microbial infections |
Acid-fast bacteria have a layer of mycolic acid as part of its cell wall. | True |
Hydrogen bond | Electrostatic interaction between dipoles |
Covalent bond | Direct sharing of electrons |
Ionic Bond | Interaction between oppositely charged ions |
The plague of Justinian was most likely caused by | Bubonic Plague |
Bacterial cells that lack a define cell shape and often change their shape are called
| Pleomorphic |
A viral envelope is a hard shell made of proteins that surrounds the genetic material. | False |
The cell walls of fungi is strong due to it containing | Chitin |
The Basidiomycota are a group of fungi that contain "true" mushrooms. | True |
Green nonsulfur bacteria | Utilize anoxygenic photosynthesis |
Spirochetes | Have a periplasmic flagella |
Bacteroides | Important group for a healthy human microbiome |
Chlamydiae | Obligate intracellular parasites that lack peptidoglycan |
Corynebacterium | Lack a defined cell shape |
Enterococcus | Leading cause of healthcare infections |
Mycobacterium | Has a cell wall containing mycolic acid |
Staphylococcus | Associated with different types of skin infection |
Dinoflagellates | Group of protists defined by stiff, alveolar plates made of cellulose. |
Vibrio | Group of gamma proteobacteria that contains the causative agent for cholera. |
A temperate bacteriophage is one only capable of growing via the lytic pathway. | False |
All types of photosynthesis originated from one bacterial lineage and pathway. | False |
What is caused by a prion? | Kuru |
What best describes a chronic viral infection?
| Patient feels sick, then recovers but still has viral replication occurring in the body |
Similar to animal cells, fungi contain cholesterol in their plasma membranes to act as a fluidity buffer. | False |
Amoebozoa
| Slime molds |
Metamonads
| Giardia |
Alveolates
| Paramecium |
Stramenopiles | Diatoms |
tropism | the range of tissues (or cells) a virus can infect within a host. |
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Replication
5. Assembly
| Arrange the lifecycle of a typical animal virus starting with infection and ending with release from the host cell. |
The group commonly known as phytoplankton contains algae and photosynthetic bacteria. | True |
Prions | misfolded proteins that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. |
Rhizobium | Group of bacteria associated with nitrogen fixation in the root systems of legumes. |
Which of the following requires their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for replication? | RNA viruses |
Most fungi are classified as saprobes because they... | Decompose organic matter and recycle it into the ecosystem
|
During the ”Black Death” it was a common practice to kill cats in response to an outbreak, as some believed
they were agents of the devil. Why did this make the outbreak worse? | The vector for plague is fleas carried on rats, and the cats could have eaten the rats prior to interactions with
humans |
Describe the concept of spontaneous generation. | The idea that life could suddenly arise from nonlife. |
The idea that modern life arises from pre-existing life | What is biogenesis? |
What is the “etiological” agent of disease? | The agent, or biological organism, that causes the disease |
What is the technical term for circular bacteria growing in a chain? | Streptococci |
LPS is found in the cell wall of what type of bacteria? | Gram-negative bacteria |
What is an isotonic environment? | One where solute concentrations on the outside of the cell are equal to those on the inside |
A collection of flagella all located on a single end (pole) of a bacterial cell. | Lophotrichous flagella |
Is a bacterial endospore metabolically active? | No, endospores are inert and only become active after germination into a vegetative cell. |
Grouping organisms using taxonomy based on shared evolutionary history | Phylogenetics |
Smallest, most fundamental group within taxonomy. | Species |
Bacteria defined by their periplasmic flagellum | Spirochetes |
What type of photosynthesis is used by cyanobacteria? | Oxygenic photosynthesis |
What are extremophiles? | Organisms that thrive in environments too harsh for most life. |
The cell walls of fungi are unique due to them containing what? | Chitin |
Which group of protists use pseudopods for motility? | Diatoms |
African sleeping sickness is caused by what group of organisms? | Trypanosomes |
What is the phagocytosis? | Bringing in of large undissolved substance into cell, than breaking it down. |
How does a virus obtain its envelope? | It is derived from the eukaryotic cell membrane, typically through budding |
Define tropism | Range of tissues or cells a virus can infect in a given host. |
What is the difference between chronic and latent infection? | Chronic infections have continuous symptoms and pathogen replication while latent infections are characterized
by periods where there are no symptoms, and the pathogen is not actively replicating. |
Is a prion a living organism? | No, a prion is a mutated, misfolded protein. |
What is a bacteriophage? | A virus that infects bacterial cells |