What organelles are within the endomembrane system?

1. Nuclear Envelope 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Golgi Apparatus/Complex 4. Lysosomes 5. Vesicles 6. Vacuoles 7. Plasma Membrane 8. Ribosomes

Where is the endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

continuous with the nuclear envelope

What is the ER made up of?

interconnected tubules called cisternae, and the ER lumen, cisternal space

What are the 2 subunits of the ER?

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) 2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

What is the RER?

The portion of the ER that is studded with ribosomes which is the site of protein synthesis and is considered the "membrane factory"

What are glycoproteins?

attached to carbohydrates via covalent bonds

Why is the RER considered the "membrane factory"?

makes the phospholipids used for membranes from the precursors in cytosol

What are the functions of the SER?

1. synthesizes lipids 2. metabolizes carbs 3. detoxes poison 4. stores Ca²⁺

What are the lipids synthesized?

1. Oil 2. Steroids 3. sex hormones 4. adrenal gland secretions

What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus?

products of the cell are modified, stored, and sent

How do the products get to the Golgi Apparatus?

transport vesicles arrive at the cis facing side of the Golgi Apparatus

What is cis facing?

receiving end of the Golgi Apparatus

What is trans facing?

leaving end of Golgi Apparatus

What change happens from cis facing to trans facing?

Chemical change

What is the Golgi apparatus made of?

cisternae

How are cisternae formed?

vesicles formed by the ER combine with enzymes to create cisternae

What are lysosomes?

membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that help to digest macros

When are lysosomes used?

When amoebas engulf food via phagocytosis and a food vacuole fuses with the lysosome

What does macrophage do?

engulfs and destroys bacteria

What is autophagy?

When lysosomes recycle the cells organics

What is Tay-Sachs?

A disability formed when the lysosome is unable to digest material

What are vesicles?

sacs made of membrane that transfer materials

What are Vacuoles?

large vesicles that are selective in transporting solutes

What does a food vacuole do?

phagocytosis; combines with lysosome

What does a contractile vacuole do?

pumps excess water out of the cell

What do vacuoles do in plants?

1. hold reserves of organics 2. store poisonous compounds 3. contains pigments

What type of unique vacuole does plants have?

Central Vacuole

What is the central vacuole?

the largest component in plant cells that have developed by coalescence by smaller vacuoles

What do central vacuoles do?

1. store caffeine and nicotine 2. cell sap inside is a repository of inorganic compounds

Ribosomes are what?

NOT AN ORGANELLE

What are the tasks of the endomembrane system?

1. Synthesis of proteins 2. transport of proteins into membranes and organelles 3. transport of proteins outside of cell 4. metabolism and movement of lipids 5. detoxification of poisons