the fundamental operating element of the nervous system is the - neuron - glial cell - axon - neurotransmitter - brain

neuron

the part of the neuron in which information coming from other neurons and glial cells is received is the - dendrite - axon - axon terminal - soma - nucleolus

dendrite

where one neuron communicates electrically directly with another neuron is referred to as - a synapse - a gap junction - an action potential - an enzymatic reaction - transmission

a gap junction

neuronal cell membranes are described as semipermeable because they - sometimes leak - are formed by a lipid bilayer - have embedded ion channels that can be opened and closed - can be disrupted in disease - are in a complex network

have embedded ion channels that can opened and closed

which of the following is not a type of glial cell in the central nervous system? - oliogodendrocyte - microglia - ependymal cell - astrocyte - schwann cell

schwann cell

the resting cell membrane potential is determined primarily by - concentrations of chloride and sodium in the extracellular fluid - movement of sodium and chloride along their concentration gradients - movement of sodium and potassium along their electrical gradients - concentrations of sodium and potassium in the intra- and extracellular fluid

concentrations of sodium and potassium in the intra- and extracellular fluid

the main protein that actively moves cations across the cell membrane is - Na+, Ca2+ - ATPase - Na+, CI-ATPase - Na+, K+-ATPase - K+, CI-ATPase - ATP-independent Na+, K+, pump

Na+, K+-ATPase

Ion channels at which neurotransmitters bind are - voltage-gated - autologous - postsynaptic only - ligand-gated - Presynaptic only

ligand-gated

The depolarization phase of the action potential is primarily driven by - voltage-gated sodium channels - ligand-gated sodium channels - voltage-gated potassium channels - ligand-gated potassium channels - prolonged subthreshold depolarization of the cell membrane

voltage-gated sodium channels

the repolarization phase of the action potential is primarily driven by - ligand-gated sodium channels - voltage-gated sodium channels - voltage-gated potassium channels - ligand-gated potassium channels prolonged subthreshold depolarization of the cell membrane

voltage-gated potassium channels

temporal summation occurs when - inputs to the same section of the neuronal membrane occur very close in time - the axon hillock sums inputs to the axon that occur simultaneously - postsynaptic muscle cells contract simultaneously - postsynaptic muscle cells contract simultaneously - neurons computationally sum inputs across the entire neuronal surface

inputs to the same section of the neuronal membrane occur very close in time

nodes of ranvier: - are one section of the axon in which there are no channels where sodium can leak out - have the highest denisty of myelination of any section of the exon - have a low concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels - are the main action potential propagation segment of the axon - are the product of myelination by oligodendrocytes

are the main action potential propagation segment of the axon

the main ion involved in docking of vesicles at the presynaptic membrane of the axon terminal is: - calcium - potassium - sodium - chloride - ATP

calcium

neurotransmitters can be removed from the synapse by: - diffusion away in the extracellular fluid - uptake by local glial cells - reuptake by presynaptic neurons - enzymatic breakdown - all of the above

all of the above

drugs that stimulate a postsynaptic receptor are called - antagonists - neuromodulators - binding agents - agonists - Ionotropic

agonists

an input that causes a positive shift in the postsynaptic membrane potential is called - a hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential - an excitatory postsynaptic potential - a depolarizing postsynaptic potential - an inhibitory postsynaptic potential - a tetrodotoxin potential

a depolarizing postsynaptic potential

when a neurotransmitter attaches to a receptor and initiates a sequence of metabolic reactions that are slower and longer lasting, this is called: - metabotropic effect - exocytosis effect - Ionotropic effect - graded effect - none of the above

metabotropic effect

glutamate is always an excitatory neurotransmitter true/false

false

these may open or close ion channels, alter production of activating proteins, or activate chromosomes: - Graded potentials - excitatory postsynaptic potentials - inhibitory postsynaptic potentials - Sodium-potassium pumps - second messengers

second messengers

An example of a monoamine neurotransmitter is - Serotonin - dopamine - norepinephrine - all of the above - none of the above

all of the above