why did the EEIC focus primarily on indian agriculture

Because land revenue was the state's main source of income. Also, the EEIC wanted to establish India as an agricultural supplier of cheap raw materials to England.

what was the permanent settlement

it was a system of revenue collection in Bengal, Orissa, and Bihar. It was introduced by lord Cornwallis in 1793.

what was the ryotwari settlement

it was a system of land revenue collection in the bombay and madras presidencies introduced by thomas munro [governor-general of india from 1820-1827]

what was the mahalwari settlement

It was a system of land revenue collection in the northern part of India, mainly in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. It caused devastating effects.

features of land revenue settlements

1. it created a class of landlords loyal to the british 2. the company was given a fixed revenue without having to collect from the peasants directly 3. the new zamindari system encouraged absentee landlordism 4. it introduced a class of corrupt moneylenders

absentee landlordism

When a person owns a property and rents it out without living in the area.

impact of the settlements

1. Land became a saleable commodity, available for sale, mortgage, or rent 2. Peasants were forced to pay revenue even during famines and were evicted if they failed to pay 3. zamindars forced peasants to pay more tax so they could set aside some revenue for themselves 4. the british and zamindars were indifferent to the suffering of the peasants 5. frequent eviction of the peasants from their homes led to the creation of a new class of landless peasants. 6. The peasants were forced to borrow money from moneylenders, which left them more indebted and in a cycle of debt 7. Frequent cultivation of crops depleted the fertility of the soil, leading to famine.

impact on industries

The British government set heavy duties for indian textile exports to Britain. Meanwhile, British machine-made goods came to India with no duties to be paid or only a nominal fee. this one way free trade made the artisans and craftsmen of India lose their livelihoods.

impact on transport & communication

they built elaborate systems of roads, canals, and railway lines connecting major cities, ports, and agricultural centres. they built metalled roads and introduced the railway system.

benefits of the improved transport and communication system

1. It helped the British transport troops and travel faster to quell revolts and other disturbances. 2. It allowed Indian merchants to export their raw materials, like cotton, jute, and indigo, to England and import finished products from there. 3. It became easier to transport raw materials and finished goods for the promotion of trade and commerce. 4. The improved communication systems made Indians living in other regions communicate, creating a sense of unity and nationalism that helped them overthrow British rule.

economic exploitation of India

1. Almost all of India's resources were being drained away to England. 2. The British purchased raw materials at low prices but sold finished goods at very high prices. 3. The peasants were forced to pay high taxes, which led to a rise in the poverty level. 4. The British paid workers very low wages

charter act of 1813

It said that the company was required to spend 1 lakh rupees on the education of Indians annually.

The orientalist-anglicist debate

The Charter Act of 1813 created a debate regarding the policy of education to be used. The Orientalists believed that traditional learning methods should be used, and that students should be taught in regional languages. The Anglicists, led by Thomas Macaulay, believed English should be the medium of instruction and the education imparted should be Western.

macaulay's minute on indian education

it was a system of education which condemned the use of indian languages.

thomas macaulay's suggestions

1. he suggested the creation of a class of Indians who would act as a direct link between the ruler and the ruled. 2. this class of indians had to supply human resources to the lower people. 3. he suggested that western education should be imparted in all british territories and english should be the main medium of instruction. 4. all indians should know english

what was the other name od wood's despatch

the magna carta of english education

who was charles wood

he was the president of the board of control, and he was responsible for overseeing the EEIC.

wood's despatch

1. in 1854, he sent a despatch to lord dalhousie, and it was named wood's despatch. 2. it said that the medium of english in centres of higher learning would be english. 3. girls schools were set up and several grants were given for the promotion of women's education. 4. it was declared that the aim of the british government was the promotion of western education. 5. three universities in the bombay, madras, and calcutta presidencies were established by 1857.

negative effects of western education

1. it led to complete westernisation of education. 2. it was a preference to have all things british amongst westernised indians 3. it caused the replacement of indigenous education system 4. led to the creation of english-educated indians who mostly became low-ranking clerks

postive effects of western education

1. It created awareness among indians of being under foreign rule. 2. English allowed Indians of different backgrounds and regions communicate with a common language and share common problems 3. It resulted in the growth of ideas of fraternity, liberty, and democracy 4. it caused indians to want independence after being educated in western nationalist events like the french revolution