having an identity allows

career choices, living choices, church choices, and relationship choices

Erirkson

had his own identity crisis, and theorized that his stages of life keep coming, ready or not theorized identity vs identity confusion

identity vs. identity confusion

Attributed to Erikson, if this stage is achieved, people have character strength and fidelity (which is helpful in deep, meaningful connections), if it isn't achieved, people have identity confusion (social withdrawal, lost sense of self)

Identity before intimacy

Erikson's idea that identity must be found before producing meaningful, intimate relationships

Emerging adulthood

When identity is commonly established in the modern world, ages 18-25

Characteristics of emerging adulthood

identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between (not a teen or adult), and it's the age of possibilities (young men may find identity while starting to think of a mature relationship)

Marica and identity

builds upon Erikson's theories, identity moratorium, identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity achievement

identity moratorium

exploring identity, where Erikson originally thought teens were at, but now where most emerging adults are

identify diffusion

not exploring identity, and not committed to an identity yet, this is where most teens in today's world are at

identity foreclosure

not exploring identity, but committed to an identity

identity achievement

have explored identity, have committed to one, though it's not always set in stone

Ken Dodge on Aggressiveness

kids are interpreting the behavior of other children incorrectly, as they may miss jokes/other behaviors

Observational learning theory

behaviorism + learning from observations of other's reinforcements- they see and learn

Davies et al. (2004)

Studied sexually active teen females of low SES, 20% of them wanted to be pregnant, while 24% were pregnant, believing that their boyfriends were their only option, thinking becoming pregnant would solidify their relationship

Rector & Johnson (2005)

Pledgers vs. non-pledgers, using 5 methods of assessing STIs- 4/5 of those tested methods showed statistical significance over those who pledged. This concluded that those who pledged delayed sex by a 25% decrease

Do pledge programs work?

These experiments have no random assignment, and are instead self-selected (those in the groups have strong differences, like religion)

Pledge programs might work because they

- encourage goal setting - learning from models who are more likely to listen to those similar and of higher status - perceived self-efficacy - reciprocal derterminism

Models that children learn from

someone who is of higher status though similar to them

Percieved self-efficacy

The belief that we can accomplish something, through observation and personal experience, we form this belief

Reciprocal Determininism

Culture and social norms influence us, and we influence social forces, so it's a loop. Higher SES can influence the choices people make for their social surroundings

Operant Conditioning

BF Skinner, the idea that behavior is based upon reinforcement and punishment

Behavior modification

a form of therapy based on operant conditioning principles (reinforcement)

Reinfocement/punishment

Adding/subtracting something in return for encouraging or discouraging a behavior

Extinction

behavior goes away without reinforcement

Intermittent reinforcement

reinforcing sometimes, but not always, which teaches children that performing a behavior is like a slot machine

Continuous reingorcement

reinforcing a behavior every time it is performed

Watson's Behaviorism

development is determined by the child's environment; they learn through conditioning in their environement

Social-learning theory

the theory that children learn from observation and imitation, both live and through forms of media, like books and TV

self-socialization

the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their choices/prefrences

Selman's stage theory of role taking

The idea that children go through stages of learning other's points of view; as they grow, they are better able to understand the perspectives of others.

Dodge's Information Processing Theory of Social Problem solving

The idea that children may use aggression as a method of problem solving

Hostile attribution bias

children may tend to assume that others' ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent

Dweck's theory of self-attributions and achievement motivation

Children can show two perspectives of achievement motivation, entity and incremental

achievement motivation

whether children are motivated by mastery of by others' view of success; the kinds of goals they are motivated by

entity/helpless motivational theory

some base self-worth on the approval they get from others by completing hard tasks

incremental/mastery motivational theory

some base their self-worth on their own learning and the effort put into a hard task

ethology

the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior- how it would've adapted to support survival

Evolutionary psychology

the idea that today's traits are passed on by ancestor's best traits role play is viewed as a way for children to almost harmlessly experiment with roles in their world

parental-investment theory

aspects of parental behavior is because they want their children to survive and pass down their genes

bioecological model

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory

mircosystem

ecological system; direct influences to a child

mesosystem

ecological system; relations between people within a child's microsystem

exosystem

ecological system; non-direct influences that still play a role in a child's development

macrosystem

ecological system; cultural/societal practices that play a role in a child's development

chronosystem

ecological system; the time period in which a child develops