__ is the result of all parties discussing a national goal / interest and bargaining over the best way to achieve it abroad. A policy is then carried out by each party: the president announces it, the government carries it out, and citizens, interest groups, and voters participate in its implementation.
Foreign policy
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| __ is the result of all parties discussing a national goal / interest and bargaining over the best way to achieve it abroad. A policy is then carried out by each party: the president announces it, the government carries it out, and citizens, interest groups, and voters participate in its implementation. | Foreign policy |
| Foreign policies in other countries are __ from U.S. foreign policy. | different |
| Foreign policy is important because it __ | impacts the ability of the US to provide for its citizens and all Americans wish to buy foreign goods |
| In 2021, the United States has among the largest economies in the world at __ trillion, a large and powerful military at __ active personnel, and national ideals in the Constitution / Bill of Rights. | $21.4, 1.39 million |
| Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy? The president with the help of __ | The National Security Council Secretaries of State Homeland Security Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (top military officer) Executive Branch Policymakers |
| When students think about a specific US foreign policy they must also consider __ the policy is made. | HOW. WHY? Presidential decision-making depends upon the leadership style of the president and the supporting people / departments. |
| implementation by the bureaucracy is what puts decisions into practice. Each leader heads a body of the U.S. government ex: __ each has staff which is in charge of carrying out foreign policies. | Department of Defense, State Department, Treasury, FBI, or Homeland Security, |
| The state department is __ cabinet departments of government, 1789) | one of four original |
| The State Department is the most public part of foreign policy, charged with taking the directives of the __ to the people. Located in embassies / consulates, Foreign Service officers in the State Department communicate U.S. foreign policy to the public | Executive branch |
| The top diplomat at State (appointed by President) is the ___ and understands important issues / attempts to implement policies. Often the first to respond to an international crisis by sending diplomats to coordinate, aid, negotiate, and influence the outcome. | The Secretary of State |
| The Secretary of State / State Department takes the __ in U.S. foreign policy. | lead |
| Since the National Security Act of 1947 and with a budget of 500 billion + dollars, the military / intelligence communities and Executive branch have taken power away from the __ and given it to the Secretary of Defense. | State Department |
| The NSA created a department which placed the__ under the control of the Secretary of Defense. | Army, Navy, Air Force, and sixteen separate intelligence agencies |
| The Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency and others work together to __ U.S. foreign policy | protect / carry out |
| Lastly a Director of National Intelligence (DNI) was created in__. Still, the military, intelligence and State departments remain separate and competitive with one another. | 2004 to help these parts work smoothly together |
| Congress remains influential in foreign policy because it retains the power of __ which enables the House of Representatives to regulate foreign policy decisions by controlling the funding and the Senate to regulate them by ratifying treaties. | oversight |
| Article__ of the Constitution gives Congress the duty to investigate the Executive Branch/ government and its actions taken. | Article II of the Constitution |
| The four themes that influence decisions are: | 1: security 2: trade/economic growth 3: morality/American exceptionalism 4: isolationism versus internationalism. |
| An approach to ensuring the security of the state was to remain __ of the alliance system of Europe (isolationism). | outside |
| A primary goal of every administration is to ensure the security of the American state, ex: the __ | U.S. Constitution, Monroe Doctrine, and Gettysburg Address. |
| An approach to ensuring the security of the state was to remain outside of the alliance system of Europe (__) | (isolationism). |
| an effort to achieve security through international cooperation (__). | (internationalism). |
| With the end of World War II, the need for security brought America into the __ | United Nations (UN) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). |
| By joining NATO, foreign policy adopted an __ stance to ensure that it wouldn't be threatened by the Soviet Union. 9/11 reinforced __ foreign policy | internationalist |
| attempts to contain the Soviet Union communism during the Cold War forced action in Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Greece, Germany, which would increase public desire for __. Up to the attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a strong sentiment towards __ | isolationism |
| American policymakers cannot take action within the system without considering the impact on __ . | economics |
| __, that America was entitled to the stretch from the Atlantic all the way to the Pacific to introduce its system of government. | Manifest Destiny |
| US foreign policy has cited __ of values and ideals as the basis for action. | security and the defense |
| __ began with protests in Tunisia over the economy which forced the president to flee in January of 2011. | The Arab Spring |
| the U.N. Security Council referred Qaddafi’s government to the International Criminal Court (ICC) and ordered an arms embargo against Libya in __ which was passed on February 26, 2011. | UN Security Council Resolution 1970 |
| The U.N. Security Council passed __ on March 18, 2011 authorizing the creation of a no-fly zone over Libya. | Resolution 1973 |
| By 2011, the United States had been at war in Afghanistan for __ years and Iraq for eight | 9 |
| whether people approved / disapproved of U.S. military action towards Libya. 47% approved, with 37% against and 16% with no opinion between March and June, more Americans were __ to action in Libya. | opposed |
| In February, the administration was taking a wait and see position, but on __ American warplanes attacked Libya. | March 19, 2011, |
| Obama moved towards a multilateral form of action, unlike President Bush which was __. | unilateral |
| The president only intervened when international “law” as represented by UN Security Council Resolution 1973 (March 17) in place as well as support from powers and allies. While the President spoke out for the rights of the Libyan people, he did not press for military action on __ | February 23, 2011. |
| by 1973 Congress created the War Powers Resolution to ensure that __ would have a say on the use of American military forces. | Congress |
| The reporting conditions in the War Powers Resolution: notification of Congress within __ hours after American troops have engaged in contact, and deployment can be for no longer than __ days without Congress declaring war, authorizing the use of force, or extending troop deployments for another __ days. | 48 HRS, 60 DAYS |
| In the Libyan crisis, the reporting occurred on March 21, 2011. However, American forces were still actively engaged in supporting the NATO mission in Libya past the __ | 60-day mark. |
| the State Department’s Legal Advisor __ laid out that Obama had the power to act based on the Constitutional duties of Commander in Chief and Chief Executive. | Harold Koh |
| The Obama administration, against legal opinions within the Executive Branch, argued that the time limits within War Powers did not apply as American forces were not __. | engaged in hostilities |
| The decision of the President to launch Operation Odyssey Dawn initiated attacks into Libya on __ | March 19, 2011 |
| Clinton convinced European allies that command of the mission should pass from the United States to NATO __ | (March 31, 2011). |