internal migration

When a large number of people migrate from one state to another state due to disturbed political, social, economic, or climatic reasons.

external migration

movement of highly skilled people to another country in search of better job prospects.

short term migration

may take place to escape natural disasters or for occupational purposes.

long term migration

migration that happens due to the need for better jobs, education, and living and working conditions.

rural to urban migration

People migrate from villages to cities in search of employment, higher income, and better educational and health facilities. important stimulus for female migration is the availability of industrial jobs created by the growth of free trade zones and globalisation.

urban to rural/ suburban migration

Takes place when the population outgrows the capacity of an urban area, leading to congestion, unhealthy living conditions, and high cost of living.

urban to urban migration

people move to another urban area with a view to improve their economic prospects.

rural to rural migration

due to better prospects for farmers like reclamation of wastelands, irrigation, better land reforms.

climate refugees

they migrate because their homes are threatened by natural disasters.

miscellaneous migration

takes place because of the governments decision or political unrest

forced migration

happens during warfare or times of disaster where people are formed to relocate to find safer places to live in.

voluntary migration

moving from a highly developed country to a lowly developed country for a better job or education and better living standards.

urban sprawl

growth of new cities and satelite towns. ex: noida, navi mumbai

overpopulated areas due to migration

riverine deltas and coastal plains because of their ideal conditions.

impacts of migration

1. may result in geopolitical issues when refugees refuse to move to a country. 2. overcrowding and unhygienic standards. 3. exchange of culture

brain drain

The process of emigration of talented and productive people from one country to another in search of better living conditions, educational opportunities, jobs, and higher salaries. It diminishes the home country's human capital.

why does brain drain happen

better political and social conditions, higher living standards, and work environments offer a pull factor for the more developed countries.

economic benefit for home country

1. reduced under employment 2. returning migrants bring skills to the country. 3. remittances are sent 4. less pressure on resources

economic benefit for destination country

1. economic migrants take up less desirable jobs 2. host country gains skilled labour 3. skill gap is filled by qualified migrants

economic cost for home country

1. loss of young adult labour force 2. loss of skilled labour

economic cost for destination country

1. cost of educating migrants' children 2. the money earned is paid as remittance 3. more people puts a strain on resources.

social benefits to the home country

1. birth rate decreases along with the youth 2. remittances can finance improved education and healthcare. 3. retired migrants returning to source country improve social expectations.

social benefits of the destination country

1. creation of a multi-ethnic society 2. growth of ethnic retailing and areas associated with ethnic food outlets.

social costs to the home country

1, disproportionate no of females left behind 2. imbalance in age composition 3. may encourage more migration

social costs to the destination country

1. dominance of males is reinforced 2. aspects of cultural identity are lost 3. segregated areas of similar ethnic groups are created

direct negative impact

economic loss for the home country and the loss of skilled workers and professionals.

direct positive impact

the skills acquired by the migrant can be used for the benefit of their home country.