adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

a nucleotide composed of an adenosine base, or sugar, and three phosphate groups.

amino acids

the building blocks of proteins.

base pairs

pairs of complementary nucleic acid bases; that is A and T or C and G.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

a polymer of nucleotides with he bases or adenosine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

electrolyte

substance that dissolves in water into particles with positive and negative changes.

enzymes

proteins that speed up specific biological reactions.

fatty acid

a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group at one end.

gene

a segment of DNA containing all the codons to make one polypeptide chain.

gene therapy

the intentional alternation of a person's DNA in order to cure disease.

glucose

main form of sugar that circulates in the blood.

glycogen

a polymer of glucose found in animals; stores form of glucose.

human genome

the DNA sequence of a brain.

lipids

fatty molecules that disease poorly in water but dissolve well in a nonpolar solvent; fats and oils.

nucleic acids

key information- carrying molecules in cells.

nucleotides

subunits that make up nucleic acids.

peptide word

the chemical bond that links two amino acids by connecting the amino group of one amino acid to the acid group of another.

pH

a measure to the ability or akalinity of a solution.

phospholipids

a lipid-containing phosphate group.

polymer

a molecule made of many similar subunits.

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids.

proteome

all of the proteins that are expressed by (made by) a particular call or organism.

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

one of two kinds of information- carrying nucleic acids found in cells.

steriods

a class of lipids with a structure that Is different from other lipids; cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen one three-well known steriods.

triglycerides

compounds of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached.

active transport

a process that requires energy too move against a concentration gradient, from an area lower concentration to one of higher concentration.

centrioles

short cylinders made of nine triplets of parallel microtubules.

channel proteins

molecules with a hallow central pore that allows water or small, charged particles of certain substances to pass into or out of the cells.

cilia

hair-like projections that actively flex back and forth to move fluid or mucus across the outside of a cell.

citric acid cycle

a chain of reactions, catalyzed by enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix, in which pyrvate is broken down into individual carbon atoms, which combine with oxygen molecules to make CO2.

codon

a set of three-bases in DNA or RNA that codes for one amino acid.

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm during cell division.

cytoplasm

the part of the cell that contains all of the organelles inside the cell and gives it mechanical strength.

diffusion

the movement of material from a place where it is concentrated to a place where it is less concentrated.

endocytosis

process in which a region of a cell membrane forms a packet into the cell and then pinches off to form a membrane- bound sac, or vesicle, inside cytoplasm.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

a network of membranes in cytoplasm.

exocytosis

process in which a small, membrane-bound vesicle in the cytoplasm fuses with the cells membrane to export molecules that were inside the veciles to the molecules.

extracellular fluid

the liquid-consisting mostly of water- that surrounds a typical cell.

extracellular matrix

the solid gel-like substance that surrounds a typical cell.

glycolysis

the breakdown of a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules.

glycoproteins

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached.

golgi apparatus

a set of membranous disc in cytoplasm.

messenger RNA (mRNA)

single-strand RNA molecule whose base sequence carries the information needed by a ribosome to make a proteins.

micovilli

finger-like extensions that increase the surface area of a cell.

mitochondria

organelles in cytoplasm that make ATP.

mitosis

the divisions of a cell nucleus and chromosomes into two nuclei, each with its own set of identitcal chromosomes.

nucleus

a rounded or oval mass of protoplasm within the cytoplasm of a cell that contains the cell's DNA and is bounded by a membrane.

plasma membrane

membrane that defines the outer shell of a cell

ribosomes

very large enzymes that make polypeptides.

transciption

the production of RNA from DNA.

transfer RNA (tRNA)

molecule that binds to the mDNA-ribosome complex and helps assemble amino acids into polypeptides.

adipose tissue

tissue that consists almost entirely of adipocytes, or fat cells, with little extracellular matrix.

areolar connective tissue

connective tissue that has a gel-like extracellular matrix that holds water well and serves as a support for overlying epithelia.

cartilage

connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to parts of the skeleton.

chrondroblasts

cells that secrete the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

compressive strength

ability of material to withstand compression (inward- pressing force) without buckling.

connective tissue

supporting tissue, which consists mainly of an extracellular matrix.

elasticity

ability of a material to spring back to its original shape after being stretched.

endocrine gland

a gland that secretes its product into the interstital space

epithelia tissue

class of tissue that includes epithelia and glands.

exocrine gland

a gland that secretes its product to the outside world.

glands

epithelial cells that are organized to produce and secrete substances.

histology

the study of tissues.

lumen

the hollow inside portion of a body cavity or tube.

reticular connective tissue

a type of tissue that contains reticular fibers and is found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen.

simple epithelia

epithelia that have a single layer of cells.

stratified epithelia

epithelia that have multiple layers of cells.

tensile strength

ability to withstand tension (outward pulling force) without tearing or breaking.

passive transport

a method of transport that does n or requires any energy.

cytoskeleton

a network of proteins that defines the shape of a cell and gives it mechanical strength.

chromosome

one DNA molecule and the proteins around which it coils.