What are the three structures that transport and store urine

ureters - bladder - urethra

what is a smooth collapsible muscular sac and what does it store?

bladder - urine

Describe the differences between the male and female urethra.

Male • Prostate gland surrounding urethra • Reproductive and urinary role Female • Shorter urethra than male • Purpose is to transport urine only

The bladder holds approximately how many ml of fluid?

300-500ml of fluid

The physiological name for the emptying of the bladder is?

micturition

Three events must occur to empty the bladder.

1. Detrusor smooth muscle must contract, and it is the autonomic nervous system, which innervates it (involuntary) 2. The internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) must open, and the ANS also innervates this (involuntary) 3. The external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle) must open. The somatic nervous system innervates this (voluntary).

Describe the three events that cause the formation of urine:

1. Glomerular Filtration: This is the initial and crucial step in urine formation. The kidneys contain millions of tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus, a network of capillaries, and a tubule. Blood pressure pushes fluid from the blood plasma in the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule, the beginning of the nephron tubule. This filtrate contains water, electrolytes, and small waste products like urea, but excludes larger components like blood cells and proteins due to their size and charge. 2. Selective Reabsorption: As the filtrate moves through the nephron tubule, vital substances like water, glucose, and electrolytes are selectively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream by specialized cells lining the tubule. This process ensures that the body retains necessary components for various functions. 3. Secretion: Conversely, certain substances like creatinine, a waste product from muscle breakdown, and excess potassium are actively secreted from the blood into the filtrate by the tubule cells. This further contributes to the composition of urine as it eliminates unwanted elements from the body.

Describe how the renal system regulates fluid volume and blood pressure (RAAS).

. Renin release: Renin reacts with angiotensinogen from the liver to form angiotensin I 2. Angiotensin conversion: Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin II as it encounters an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), primarily located in the lungs 3. Angiotensin II has several critical effects including Aldosterone Secretion: It stimulates the adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone, reabsorbing NA+ and H20. and 4. Vasoconstriction: It causes blood vessels to constrict, thereby increasing blood pressure. 5. ADH secretion: Aldosterone also stimulates anti-diuretic hormones (ADHs) to be released from the posterior pituitary gland, which causes water reabsorption, reducing urination