Preoperational Stage of cognitive development?

A stage where children learn to use language and think symbolically, forming the foundation for the next stage.

Egocentrism (preoperational)

The tendency of children to think that everyone sees the world in the same way as they do.

Animism

The belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities.

Artificialism

The belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions.

Transudative reasoning

When a child fails to understand true cause and effect relationships.

Centration

The act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding others.

Conservation

The awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties.

Irreversibility

The difficulty young children have in mentally reversing a sequence of events.

Theory of Mind

The understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

How does Theory of Mind relate to social intelligence?

It helps develop self-awareness and the ability to anticipate the needs of others.

Sally-Anne Test

determine whether someone lacks Theory of Mind, particularly in children with autism.

Fast mapping

The process of quickly learning words through connections between new words and existing concepts.

Sequence of grammar development in children?

1. One-word stage, 2. Two-word stage, 3. Telegraphic speech, 4. Complex sentences.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The range of material that a child is ready to learn with proper support and guidance.

What is scaffolding in education?

The process of providing needed assistance to a child as a new skill is learned.

Private speech

Talking to oneself, which reflects a child's inability to see things from other points of view.

Anal Stage in Freud's theory

A stage where the libido source shifts from the mouth to the anus, focusing on pleasure from defecating.

Phallic Stage in Freud's theory

A stage where children develop attraction to the opposite sex, known as the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Six stages of play in child development?

1. Unoccupied play, 2. Independent play, 3. Onlooker play, 4. Parallel play, 5. Associative play, 6. Cooperative play.

Gender identity.

A person's understanding of their own gender.

Gender constancy

The understanding that gender remains the same over time, despite changes in appearance or activities.

Gender stereotyping

Believing that certain traits, behaviors, or activities are naturally associated with a particular gender.

How do learning theorists explain gender role socialization?

They suggest it results from messages about acceptable behaviors for males or females.

Myelination

The process where the brain reaches 95% of adult weight, involving the development of myelin and new synapses.

Synaptic pruning

The loss of unused synapses, which increases as neural processes become quicker and more complex.

Gross motor skills

They involve large muscle groups and are critical for physical development in early childhood.

Importance of body safety education for children?

It teaches children about appropriate and inappropriate touch and the concept of privacy.

Self-control

The ability to inhibit responses and delay gratification for better rewards.

The Marshmallow Test

A study measuring children's ability to delay gratification by waiting for a larger reward.

How does self-control relate to the prefrontal cortex?

Self-control is linked to the prefrontal cortex, which helps control impulses and make decisions.