characteristics of seed producing vascular plants (5)

- produce seeds - seeds have protective coat - have vascular tissue - water proof cuticle - sporophyte life cycle dominate (tree)

characteristics of gymnosperms (5)

- seeds are naked - not dependent on water for reproduction - gametophytes are reduced (produced within female sporophyte) - sporophylls arranged spirally in strobili (seed cones) - wind pollinated

characteristics of Pinophyta (5)

- found in harsh environments (frozen soil) - needle-like leaves - leaves arranged in fascicle of 2-5 leaves - largest genus of conifers - monoecious

describe internal structure of Pinus needle

- thick cuticle - sunken stomata - hypodermis under epidermis - resin ducts - endodermis surrounds phloem & xylem

describe pollen cone (male - pollen - p - penis)

- membranous scales spiral around an axis - microsporangia develops in pairs toward base of scales

describe life cycle of Pinus

- 18 month process males - meiosis - mitosis - pollination - fertilization - seed dispersal female - meiosis - fertilization - seed dispersal

describe seed cone (female - seed - s - snatch - cooter)

- larger then pollen cone - ovules in pairs at base - has megasporangia with integuments and megasporocytes - contains archegonia with a large egg inside

key distinguishing features between bryophytes, seedless & seed producing plants

bryophytes - non vascular. reproduce through spores. no leaves, true roots, stems and require water to reproduce. seedless plants - vascular. more complex life cycle then bryophytes. have true roots, stems and leaves. seed producing plants - vascular. have seeds. specialized tissues for water & nutrient transport.