What is a population? -number of individuals of a specific species in a defined area at a given time.

Use the space below to sketch a population graph that includes the following: -carrying capacity (2 different levels), “J-shaped” curve, die off, initial growth, exponential growth, “S-shaped curve”, “+, 0, and -” growth rates, leveling off, and overshoot.

You sketched 2 different carrying capacities on your graph, and the capacity either rose or fell. Give 3 potential reasons for that change in your carrying capacity on your graph? What are some factors that could have caused the carrying capacity to move in the opposite direction from the way it did on your graph? -Potential causes of decline in carrying capacity (lowers population ceiling): -less available food -disease -drought -more predation -over consumption -lower birth rate, and higher death rate -etc. -Potential causes of increase in carrying capacity (raises population ceiling): -more available food -less disease -more water -less predation -less competition -higher birth rate, and lower death rate -etc.

Create a population graph of both hawks and mice using the data from the table below. Be sure to label your graph, and two Y-axes so you are able to get both animals’ populations to peak at approximately the same height. Also, save room to make predictions for each population for the years 2022 and 2023

Year Population of Hawks Population of Mice 2017 9 315 2018 13 150 2019 4 195 2020 5 220 2021 6 200

Why did the Hawk population grow between 2017 and 2018? Because there was a large amount of mice in 2017 Why did the mouse population between 2020 and 2021? Because the hawk population was growing

What is meant by biodiversity? What is the importance of biodiversity to an ecosystem? The variety of different species within an ecosystem Biodiversity provides stability to an ecosystem by having many species that fill each niche

What is secondary succession? When during this process do you think the most biodiversity exists? The recovery of an ecosystem after a disaster that continually changes until a climax community is reached. Throughout the process of change after the disaster.

Explain why we are very concerned about extinction even though it is a natural process. Extinction is natural, but human impacts are increasing the rates 100-1,000 times.

Give an example of a keystone species, and explain how the species impacts the environment. Sea otter provides stability for kelp forests by maintaining sea urchin populations (grazers)

Distinguish between an endangered and threatened species.

-Threatened species have a drop in their population (that most likely won’t recover without intervention) and are most likely to become endangered.

-Endangered species continue to have a decline in their population and are most likely to become extinct

What do the letters of H.I.P.P.O. stand for?

Habitat Destruction Invasive species Pollution Population growth Overconsumption

What does the acronym stand HIPPO represent? Which of the letters in HIPPO has the largest impact on the environment? -HIPPO represents the human impacts on biodiversity and increased rates of extinction -Habitat destruction encompasses all other factors and causes the most direct impact on loss of biodiversity

Explain how the increasing human population affects biodiversity. -Increasing human population, like Habitat destruction, increases the rates of invasive species, pollution, overconsumption and ultimately habitat destruction.

Create an inverted pyramid for DDT in the ocean similar to your previous examples in class. Include water, phytoplankton, salmon, bald eagles, zooplankton, and herring in your pyramid. Using the data obtained from the ocean samples provided below, include your estimates for the amounts of DDT in water and in all organisms in the food chain. Label all parts of the pyramid with organisms and ppm of DDT.

DDT in phytoplankton 0.00004 ppm DDT in herring 0.4 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.004 ppm

Questions:

A. What is likely to happen to the herring? -nothing (the DDT is extremely low in concentration) B. What is likely to happen to the Bald Eagles? -because of the high concentration of DDT, the eagles egg shells are brittle and won’t be viable

Using the following organisms, construct a food web: Shark, large fish, phytoplankton, small fish, zooplankton, seal, dolphin, killer whale -circle the producer, identify an indirect relationship, and place a box around a predator prey relationship

Use organisms from your food web, create a food chain: -label the organisms in the food chain with the following- 1st order consumer, producer, herbivore, 2nd order consumer, carnivore producer 1st order consumer 2nd order consumer carnivore carnivore herbivore carnivore

5,000 kcals 500 kcals 50 kcals 5 kcals 0.5 kcals 4,999.5 kcals lost

*Starting with 5000 kcalories at the producer, show how much of that energy would be available at each level in your food chain. How much energy remains at the end? How much total energy was lost?

Using your food chain, create a pyramid and identify which type of pyramid it is:

Pyramid of…

What would most likely happen to the organisms at the top of the pyramid if any of the organisms below them went extinct? What would happen to the populations at the bottom of the pyramid if the population of the organism at the top of the pyramid drops drastically?

-Most likely, the top level organisms population would decline -Typically lesser consumers increase their populations temporarily, causing a decline in the populations of organisms at the bottom of the pyramid

What percentage of the energy available to producers is passed on to the 1st order consumers? only 10% is passed on

What is the function of decomposers?

decomposers break down dead organisms to obtain their energy causing the recycling of nutrients in the food chain

Identify the symbiotic relationship for the following partnerships: -Intestinal bacteria helping humans to digest food that otherwise we can’t mutualism -Epiphytes growing on a tree branch without impacting the tree commensalism -Theoretical… Mitochondria and/or Chloroplasts living inside of eukaryotic cells mutualism Find 3 more symbiotic relationships (one for each of 3 major types)

What is ecology? The study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment.

What is an ecosystem? A biological community along with the abiotic factors within the defined area

Distinguish between abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem and give an example of each. abiotic factors- nonliving components of an ecosystem (temperature, precipitation, soil type, etc.) biotic factors- living things within an ecosystem (producers, consumers, decomposers, etc.)

Distinguish between a population and a community and give an example of each. A population is the number of individuals of a single species within a community (number of goldfinches in the Loomis basin in 2022) A community is the combined populations of all of the organisms in the defined area (all living things in the Loomis basin)

Distinguish between a habitat and a niche. habitat- where an organism lives niche- the role of the organism in the ecosystem

What is meant by the term symbiosis? 2 organisms that maintain a close and permanent association

Distinguish between the terms mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. What is an indirect relationship? mutualism- both organisms benefit from their relationship commensalism- one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor will benefit parasitism- the parasite benefits and the host organism is harmed

Match each of the following organisms with their type of symbiotic relationship. _c tapeworm a. mutualism _b Spanish moss b. commensalism _a lichen c. parasitism _c mistletoe _c tick _c ringworm _a intestinal bacteria

When the niches of two different organisms overlap it is called competition_.

How does this factor affect the numbers of each type of organism? There are less resources for each population of organisms to share and depending on how equal the “sharing” of resources is, each population will most likely have fewer individuals

What is energy? The ability to do “work” or to cause change

Can energy be recycled? It is not possible to completely recycle energy as it is constantly changing forms

Can energy change forms? Explain. Yes -photosynthesis as an example shows how light energy from the sun is used to create chemical energy -potential energy is converted to kinetic energy

How do organisms get energy? either through photosynthesis as autotrophs, or consumption of other organisms as heterotrophs -some bacteria are able to absorb chemical energy from their surroundings (chemotrophs)

Review terms: Autotroph- organisms that produce their own energy (photosynthesis)

Heterotroph- organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms

Decomposer- organisms that consume dead organic matter to obtain their energy

14. Draw a food chain to show the following:

Suppose 1,000 Kcalories of energy are available at the level of a producer. What is the total amount of energy lost by the time energy reaches a first-order consumer? Second-order consumer? Third-order consumer? *make sure to label all of your organisms with the terms used above.

Why is it that the amount of energy remaining in the final transfer of a food chain is only a portion of what was available at the first transfer?

Because 90% of the energy is lost at each step of the food chain.

Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. A food chain is a simple linear example of how energy flows through an ecosystem, while a food web shows all of the relationships within the same ecosystem

Create a food pyramid from the food chain you used in question 14.

Now that we have the basic pyramid drawn, what are the Three different types of ecological pyramids and how are they different? -numbers - shows the relative numbers of each different level

-biomass - shows the relative amounts of biomass for each level

-energy - shows the relative amount of energy for each level

17. How does a food (ecological) pyramid differ from a food chain, and how is a food web different from them both? A food pyramid shows “amounts” and a sequence of energy flow, where a chain just shows the sequence. A food web shows all of the energy pathways within an ecosystem but does not show amounts.

What are the major Biomes found in North America and what are the major abiotic factors that influence each of their locations? -tropical rainforest (excessive amounts of rainfall) -desert (dry climate, less than 10 in. of rainfall per year) -grassland (dry and warm) -deciduous forest (mild with distinct seasons, plants dormant in the winter) -taiga (cold, dry as precipitation is mostly snow with short growing seasons) -coniferous forest (cold, dry as precipitation is mostly snow with short growing season) -tundra (permafrost, cold and dry)

When we talk about the ability for an organism to withstand biotic and abiotic changes in its environment, we are referring to its tolerance. These factors (biotic and abiotic) affect the organisms’ distribution, reproductive rates, and population sizes are known as limiting factors__.

Compare and Contrast the two types of Succession. Give examples for each type. Both primary and secondary succession are the replacement of existing organisms by more dominant organisms leading toward the unchanging climax community. The difference is that primary succession is the first time life has existed in an area and will take much longer to progress, while secondary succession begins after a disaster has forced the ecosystem to start over. examples: primary- new Hawaiian island forms and breaks the ocean's surface secondary- a forest burns down and life in the area has to restart

When a forest burns down, what changes take place afterwards? What is this process called? -The process is called secondary succession and it is the natural replacement of existing species by larger more dominant species. The organisms to return to the burn site are the fast growing grasses and flowers. They are then replaced by trees and small shrubs, which are all replaced by the dominant forest trees (climax community).

Other than the 7 terrestrial biomes found in North America, there are also aquatic biomes. What are the two major types of aquatic biomes? What is it called when these two major biomes mix? What effect does this “mixing” have on this ecosystem? -marine and freshwater are the two major aquatic biomes -when they mix, it’s called an estuary- -this mixing water redistributes settled nutrients and creates an environment that supports both fresh and marine species

Within these aquatic ecosystems, the deeper waters are without light and described as __aphotic zones, while the shallow surface waters have light penetration and are called __photic zones.

Describe the process of tides in the intertidal zone. What causes these changing ocean levels, and how often do they occur?

-a twice daily occurrence with changing levels of water due to the gravity from the moon and the sun.

What are some of the limiting factors involved in the intertidal zone? The organisms that survive in this region are known to have high levels of tolerance__, allowing them to survive a constantly changing environment. -limiting factors including- changing salinity, oxygen levels, water/air temperature, sunlight, exposed to air or submerged.

Describe the effect of latitude on climate as you move away from the equator. What types of abiotic factors are in play here? -starting around the equator, tropical rainforests have the most moisture and sunlight available to them. As you move away from the equator (increasing latitude) the amount of rainfall and temperature increases. Until you reach the northern temperate zones and the temperature starts to decrease and the precipitation begins to turn to snow.

What are the three major deserts in California, and what is the dominant form of plant life found in each? What is the definition of a desert, and do all of these deserts fit within this rule? Explain. -Mojave - Creosote bush -Great Basin - Great Basin Sagebrush -Sonoran - Saguaro cactus A desert receives less than 10 inches of rainfall per year. While both the Mojave and Sonoran are hot deserts, the majority of the precipitation in the Great Basin desert falls as snow.

Explain the difference between alpine and arctic tundra. Where might you find them? -alpine tundra is likely found at high elevations with more coniferous diversity where arctic tundra is found at high latitudes away from the equator. Use the following table to answer questions 1-4 Organism House cat Red fox Dog Wolf Gopher Fly D Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya K Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia P Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Arthropoda C Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Insecta O Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Rodentia Diptera F Felidae Canidae Canidae Canidae Geomyidae Muscidae G Felis Vulpes Canis Canis Thomomys Musca s F. domesticus V. fulva C. familiaris C. lupus T. bottae M. domestica

Which organism is least related to the others on the table? Why? -Fly, because it has less levels of taxonomy in common

Which level does the House cat separate from the Red fox? -Family

Which two organisms are the most closely related?

-Dog and Wolf

What kind of animal is Canis latrans? -some kind of dog/wolf

List the 8 Levels of Taxonomy: -Dumb, Kids, Playing, Checkers, On, Freeways, Get, smashed -Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Which of the levels of taxonomic classification contains the greatest number of organisms? Which level(s) make up a scientific name? -Domain -Genus species

Taxonomy_ is the science of naming and classifying organisms based on their characteristics.

Complete the following table of the characteristics of the six kingdoms.

Characteristic Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell type

a. Prokaryotic Prokaryotic b. Eukaryotic c. Eukaryotic d. Eukaryotic e. Eukaryotic Body form Organization f. single celled g. single celled Unicellular, multicellular, & colonial h. multi -cellular single celled Multi- cellular i. multi -cellular Method of obtaining food or energy Autotrophic Heterotrophic Chemotrophic j. Autotrophic Heterotrophic Chemotrophic k. Autotrophic Heterotrophic l. Heterotrophic m. Autotrophic n. Heterotrophic

Which is the correct scientific name of human beings? Explain what a subspecies is, and provide an example. -Homo sapien -a subspecies, such as race in humans and breeds in dogs, are members of the same species that have a different appearance

Which taxonomic division contains the largest and smallest number of organisms? -Domain- the largest group of organisms -species- the smallest most specific group

A group of prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments would belong to the kingdom archaebacteria.

A heterotrophic eukaryote associated with the decomposition of dead organisms is a(n)_fungi.

Identify the Kingdom for the following organism. Use Claim Evidence Reasoning to form your response.

Suppose you were spelunking and you came upon an organism that lived completely in the dark and had no pigmentation at all. In fact, it was completely white when you shined your light on it. The organism was spreading out around the cave floor (but not moving) feeding on insects. It was multi-cellular and under closer examination had extremely complex and large cells. You also noticed that its cells contained a cell wall which helped to give the organism some shape. -Claim (which kingdom)- Fungi -Evidence (list from paragraph)- heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotic, has a cell wall -Reasoning (using evidence to support claim)- Kingdom Fungi has the only organisms that are heterotrophic, multicellular, without cell walls.

Write the name of the kingdom to which each of the following organisms belong:

a. man -Animal b. mushroom -Fungi c. kelp -Protist d. insects -Animal e. cottonwood tree -Plant f. common bacteria -Eubacteria g. phytoplankton -Protist h. extreme thermoacidophiles -Archaebacteria i. zooplankton -Protist j. jellyfish -Animal

List some problems associated using common names for organisms. -multiple common names for the same organism (mountain lion, puma, cougar are all the same cat) -misleading common names (starfish, kelp plant, palm tree)

Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. -Prokaryotic- simple, small, no organelles -Eukaryotic- complex, large, and have organelles

Describe the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. What type of organisms are chemotrophic? What is chemotrophy? -autotrophic- self feeding, and heterotrophic gets energy by eating different things -Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are chemotrophic- bacteria that absorb chemicals from the environment for their energy are called chemotrophic

How are plants and protists alike? How are they different? -both kingdoms are autotrophic, have cell walls and multicellular examples, and eukaryotic -they are different because protists lack complex tissues (like vascular tissues in plants), and all plants are multicellular, while some protists are not.

Make a biological key (dichotomous key) for the following:

A

1a. elongated panels……………………………………………….. Statement #2 b. panels not elongated………………………………………….... Statement #4

2a. 8 panels…………………………………………………………. Ball C b. more than 8 panels……………………………………………… Statement #3

3a. text on ball………………………………………………………. Ball D b. no text on ball…………………………………………………… Ball A

4a. single colored ball……………………………………....……….. Ball E b. two colors on ball……………………………………..………… Ball B

What is the estimated age of the Earth? 4.6 billion years

What are the Geologic time units that abbreviate the large units of time? What do each of the abbreviations represent? Ga (Giga annum) = billions of years Ma (Mega annum) = millions of years Ka (Kilo annum) = thousands of years

What are the largest portions of Earth’s timeline called in general? What is the name for the next division of geologic time where these larger portions of time are broken down?

Eons, eras

The portions of time that Earth’s geologic history is divided into are not uniform in length. Why is this? They represent a geologic and/or ecological event and feature that changes

What evidence do scientists use to construct the geologic time scale? -fossil -relative & radiometric dating -plate tectonics

What are “index fossils” and how do they indicate relative time? -indicator fossils that identify a specific time period can be found all around the world

What is radiometric dating, and how is it different from relative dating? -radiometric dating measures how much of a radioactive element is remaining in the fossil allowing scientists to calculate the age -relative dating allows scientists to predict which fossils/strata are younger or older depending on their position in relation to each other

Describe Precambrian time. How much of Earth’s history does the Precambrian represent? -precambrian time represents the Earth’s first 3 eons lasting over 4 billion years -precambrian time included the molten earth, formation of the Earth’s crust, early atmospheres incapable of supporting life, the formation of the first continents primitive life forms and the first multicellular organisms

The major growth of biodiversity occurred around 540 million years ago and was known as the Cambrian explosion. Scientists believe that this had something to do with Earth’s atmosphere. Explain how the changed atmosphere may have affected the Cambrian explosion of biodiversity. -increased oxygen levels from photosynthetic organisms allowed for ozone to form, protecting organisms and allowing them to move onto land and increasing diversification

What is a fossil? How do fossils form? -The preserved remains or traces of a once living organism. Dissolved minerals replace the tissues of bones/shells (typically) turning them to stone.

What types of things typically form fossils? Why doesn’t everything form a fossil? -bones, teeth, shells, etc. (typically hard tissues) -the remains of an organism need to be in a place where fossilization can occur (usually sediment) -soft tissues and organisms are rarely fossilized

Typically, where do fossils form? Why don’t they form everywhere? -sediment, where the remains are covered quickly and preserved -most remains decompose relatively quickly, and unless they are preserved, there isn’t enough time or minerals to fossilize the tissues

Using your knowledge of weathering, erosion and deposition, explain how sediment can build up in low lying areas. How does deposition relate to Steno’s Laws? -as weathered sediment is eroded, it will slow down and settle or be be deposited in low lying areas -as time passes, newly eroded sediments are deposited over the top of the older material -Steno’s Laws describe how sedimentary layers form after the deposition of the eroded sediments

The differing layers of sedimentary rock are called rock strata. Scientists use the position of fossils found in these rock strata to relatively date the fossils. By comparing fossils found in different strata, scientists can determine which fossils are younger, and which fossils are older. Explain how scientists can determine this. -the remains of organisms were also deposited at the same time as the sediment they lie in -they are then buried by newer sediment causing the older fossils and sediment to exist at the lower layers

Use the following image to identify and create a list of layers from the oldest to the youngest.

What is the estimated age of the Earth? 4.6 billion years

What are the Geologic time units, and what do each of them represent? Ga (Giga annum) = billions of years Ma (Mega annum) = millions of years Ka (Kilo annum) = thousands of years

What are the divisions of time that scientists employ for the geologic time scale? What are the relative sizes of the divisions? Eons - 100’s of millions to billions of years Era - 10’s of millions to 100’s of millions of years Period - millions to 10’s of millions

The divisions of time are not actually defined by specific amounts of time, instead they are defined by… Geologic and/or ecological events and features

What evidence do scientists use to construct the geologic time scale? Briefly describe each. Fossil evidence- provide evidence for relative dating. (index fossils provide a distinct division in time) Radiometric dating- measures amounts of remaining radioactive material providing absolute ages Tectonic movement- tracking the historical movement and location of the plates Rock sequences (strata)- “layers” of deposited material provide ages relative to other strata (the deeper, the older the material)

What are “index fossils” and how do they indicate relative time? -indicator fossils that identify a specific time period can be found all around the world -the “relative time” refers to the comparison the strata where the fossils are found

What is radiometric dating, and why is this considered “absolute” time? -measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes remaining in a material allows scientists to determine when the material was made -“Absolute” dating provides age ranges/times for the material

Describe Precambrian time. How much of Earth’s history does the Precambrian represent? -From 4.6 Ga to 542 Ma - the first 3 of the 4 eons (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic) which combined represent nearly 90% of Earth’s history -within the Precambrian time, our oldest rocks, earliest life forms and oldest fossils can be found

Give a brief explanation for each of the Precambrian eons. Hadean (4.6 Ga - 3.85 Ga) - formation of the Earth, molten with no surviving rocks Archean (3.85 Ga - 2.5 Ga) - crust formation, beginning of our rock record, formation of continents and modern plate tectonics, first atmosphere (Stromatolites), origins and evidence of life (~3.5 Ga) Proterozoic (2.5 Ga - 542 Ma) - stable continents and atmosphere (oxygenation from stromatolites), first multicellular organisms, first animals

Describe the “Cambrian” explosion. Massive “explosion” of diverse life (nearly all animal phyla formed) that marks the end of the Precambrian eons (end of Proterozoic eon) and the beginning of of the Phanerozoic eon

About what period time does the Phanerozoic eon represent? Phanerozoic eon (542 Ma - present) - from the Cambrian explosion to present

Briefly describe each of the eras found in the Phanerozoic eon.

Paleozoic era (542 Ma - 251 Ma) - starts with the Cambrian explosion and ends with largest mass extinction event called the “Permian extinction” (wiping out ~ 90% of marine life) Mesozoic era (251 Ma - 65.5 Ma) - Dinosaurs - began and ended!!! Cenozoic era (65.5 Ma - present) - began with the extinction of the dinosaurs and is known as the “age of mammals”

What are scientists describing when they say “big 5”? (not the sporting goods store BTW’s) -the 5 mass extinctions that have occurred on Earth

Create an outline for the eras of the Phanerozoic eon. Include each of the periods and a brief statement or two for the major defining characteristics of each.

Phanerozoic eon: -Paleozoic era (542 Ma - 251 Ma) -Cambrian- explosion of biodiversity -Ordovician- Gondwana, first land plants, drop in temperature, 1st of the big 5 -Silurian- rise in sea level, stabilized climate, first coral reefs, advanced fish, vascular plants -Devonian- land plant evolution, first land animals, Gondwana splits- NA & Eu, 2nd of the big 5 -Carboniferous- coal deposits, bird eggs, -Permian- Pangea, first conifers, 3rd of the big 5

-Mesozoic era (251 Ma - 65.5 Ma)

-Triassic- recovery from the “Great Dying”, ended with 4th of the big 5

-Jurassic- dinosaurs and reptiles dominate, Pangea breaks up

-Cretaceous- insects, modern mammals and birds, first flowers last of the big 5

(killing the dinosaurs)

-Cenozoic era (65.5 Ma - present)

-Tertiary- began with extinction of dinosaurs, glaciation, rapid bird and mammal

evolution, Earth’s surface cools, first human ancestors -Quaternary- continents in their current position, modern humans (“The Age of Humans’), most recent ice age

From your reading, outline each of the Earth’s different atmospheres as they appeared throughout its history. -atmosphere #1 Starting about 4.6 billion years ago with mostly Hydrogen and Helium gasses (remnants of the solar nebula that formed the sun) -solar winds and a lack of magnetic field, the atmosphere would be thin and easily lost

-atmosphere #2:

Late Hadean to Early Archean, as the crust formed, volcanic outgassing produced a

thicker, more stable atmosphere.

-made mostly of carbon dioxide and water vapor along with small amounts of

nitrogen, methane and ammonia gasses

-atmosphere #3:

Because of the vast amounts of oxygen gas being produced from photosynthesis by

abundant stromatolites, the “Great Oxygenation” began about 2.5 billion years ago

-because of the oceans forming early in the Archean eon and with reactions with

oxygen, methane and ammonia levels decreased over time

-atmosphere #4: Our modern atmosphere with high levels of oxygen began to form around 500 million years ago, allowing for ozone production and more complex form of life -Mostly nitrogen with oxygen being the second most abundant gas

Place each of the Earth’s atmospheres in the correct location on the Geologic Time Scale. Add in vertical lines to indicate where each atmosphere ended and a new one began. You will also need to include the time that each atmosphere changed.

Where on the timeline above did stromatolites first appear? What are stromatolites and what impact on Earth do scientists think they had? ~3.5 billion years ago -colonies of cyanobacteria that through photosynthesis, created an oxygenated atmosphere

Around 500 million years ago, abundant oxygen gas reached our upper atmosphere and was converted into ozone. What is ozone, and what does it protect living things from? -ozone (O3) is produced when oxygen gas is stuck by UV radiation in the upper atmosphere -the ozone layer absorbs UV radiation, reducing the amount of ground level UV rays

How did the Earth’s atmosphere change to allow for the explosion of life at the start of the Cambrian period ~500 million years ago? -increasing oxygen levels allowed for ozone to form, protecting organisms and allowing

them to move onto land.

When did the dinosaurs first appear and how did the oxygen levels relate to their appearance? -230-245 million years ago -higher percentages of oxygen in the atmosphere can support the oxygen needs of larger organisms like dinosaurs Identify the following compositional layers of Earth. Make sure to include the elements that each layer is chiefly composed of.

Use the diagram below to identify the Earth’s structure layers. Please include the “physical” state of each layer.

Identify the main reasons why Earth was molten early in its formation. Also, describe how the Earth’s compositional layers came to be.

-Molten Earth - Kinetic Energy, Radioactive isotopes, Accretion, and Differentiation -Because the elements have different densities, while the Earth was molten, they were able to move and settle. Iron and Nickel are the most dense (settled in the core) and Silicon is less dense (settled in the mantle and crust)

Why is the inner core a solid when the temperatures are hot enough to melt the Fe and Ni it’s composed of? -the core is under immense pressure which prevents the Iron and Nickel from expanding and becoming a liquid

Why are the rocks located in the asthenosphere considered “plastic” like in structure? -the rocks of the asthenosphere carry the heat from the core and lower mantle causing them to be more pliable

Explain the driving force behind the tectonic plate movement. -Heat from the core and lower mantle is carried toward the surface through super heated rocky mantle material. These heated rocks become less dense, rise toward the crust and cool. Because they cool, they become more dense and move back toward the core, creating cyclical flows of rocks called Convection cells.

How are the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands evidence for plate tectonics? -Both sets of Pacific island chains sit on top of mantle hot spots. Because their plate moves over a static hotspot, a chain of volcanic islands form, showing the movement of the plate.

Identify the following plate boundaries and give an example of a possible geologic feature that can form at each plate boundary.

Divergent - ocean ridge/rift Convergent - volcanoes/trench Transform - fault

When two plates collide at a convergent boundary, sometimes one plate dives under the other. What is this “zone” called, what may form at this boundary, and why does one plate slide underneath another? -Subduction zone - volcanoes and trenches (sometimes coastal mountain ranges) -the more dense oceanic plate slides under the less dense continental plate

Also at convergent boundaries, sometimes mountain ranges form. Explain. -if the plates at convergent boundaries are of equal density, they will be pushed into each other causing rocks to build up forming mountains

What type of plate boundary forms when two plates slide past each other creating occasional friction “vibrations”? What geologic feature forms at these boundaries, and what do we call the vibrations? -Transform -faults and the vibrations from friction are earthquakes

Describe what happens at divergent plate boundaries. -Two or more plates move apart from each other allowing magma to flow between them forming a rift. The ridges are formed by a combination of uplift from the heated material rising below and old rift material

In your own words, explain the Theory of Plate Tectonics. -Lithosphere is broken up into separate pieces called plates -The plates “float” on top of the asthenosphere -Heat transfer from the core and lower mantle create convection currents causing the plates to move -When plates move, they interact with other plates… this interaction creates features on the crust such as volcanoes, mountain ranges, faults, rift valleys, etc.

What are the two types of weathering? Provide an explanation and example for each. -mechanical weathering- rocks are physically broken down - heat expansion, wedging (ice, salt, roots), abrasion, exfoliation

-chemical weathering- chemical processes break down rocks - oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, acid rain

What is biological weathering? Is biological weathering physical or chemical? Explain. -Living organisms both physically (root wedging) and chemically (action of Lichens) break down rock

What is erosion and what are the 4 major causes (agents) of erosion?

-Erosion is the movement of weathered rocks, or material from one place to another -wind, water, waves and ice

Identify each of the following as forms of weathering, erosion, or deposition: Rainwater washing away soil from a hillside- Erosion Wind blasting sand at rock carving out arches- Weathering Wind blowing sand from one location to another- Erosion The collection of sand forming a sand dune against a mountain side- Deposition Glaciers scraping rocks against the Earth’s surface- Weathering Ice forming in small cracks in a rock causing breakage- Weathering Waves dropping sand on a beach- Deposition Waves moving sand down the length of a beach- Erosion

How is deposition different from erosion? How is erosion different from weathering? -Deposition is the settling of eroded material. -Erosion is the movement of weathered (broken down) material

What are the three different types of rocks that are formed on Earth? -Sedimentary -Metamorphic -Igneous

Heat and pressure are the forces required to form which type of rock? -Metamorphic

How are sediments formed and what forces are necessary for the sediments to become sedimentary rock? -From weathering of existing rock, the sediments are deposited through erosion and the layers of sediment are compacted and cemented forming sedimentary rock

Complete the following diagram of the rock cycle:

The protons and the neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom. The electrons are found on the rings of the atom.

What makes up the atomic mass of an atom? protons and neutrons in the nucleus

What is the atomic weight and the atomic number of Sulfur? 32.065 16

How many protons does Fluorine have? 9

The basic unit of matter is a(n)_______________. a. atom c. compound b. cell d. element

The compound C6H12O6 has what three elements in it? Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for the following: 11C 12C 14C p=6 p=6 p=6 n=5 n=6 n=8 e=6 e=6 e=6

What are the Carbon atoms in question 7 an example of?

isotopes

Draw Bohr models for the following: 9. 32S 10. 23Na

p=16 p=11 n=16 n=12 e=16 e=11

Draw the Bohr models and show the Ionization (ion formation) for the following: 11. 18O-2 12. 10B+3

p=8 p=5 n=10 n=5 e=8 10 e=5 2

Predict and show the ions that the following atoms would form:

Ca +2 K+1 N -3 Ar 0 Al+3 I -1

Show the ions formed, and then bond to make a compound: 14. 2Na+1 + S-2 Na2S

Mg+2

+ 2F-1

Ca+2

+

2Al+3 + 3O-2 Al2O3

3Be+2 + 2P-3 Be3P2

The atoms in column 8 are also known as the Noble gasses are chemically stable and will not form bonds with any other atoms, because they all have full_ outer rings.

Draw the Lewis Dot structure for the following:

Using the Lewis Dot Structures, show the covalent bonds for the following molecules and compounds:

Cl2 - Chlorine gas H2O - Water CH4 - Methane

A group of scientists wishes to see if using a new, environmentally friendly pesticide is effective in preventing insect damage to soybeans. Three different soybean plots are planted. The first plot contains soybeans treated with the traditional pesticide. The second plot is treated with the new environmentally friendly pesticide. The third plot is left untreated.

Which plot is the control group? The third plot is the control.

Which is the independent variable? Dependent variable? Independent variable = pesticide Dependent variable = amount of damage

What are some extraneous variables (other variables) that the scientists most likely eliminated from their experiment? amount of sun, water, temperature

What could be concluded if the plot treated with the new pesticide has damage similar to the control plot? the pesticide may not have worked

A(n) experiment__ is a test of a hypothesis.

The single factor that is altered in an experiment is the independent variable___. The result or outcome of altering that single factor is known as the ___dependent variable.

If data from repeated experiments does not support the hypothesis, what is the scientist’s next step? Revise the hypothesis.

A scientific explanation arrived at through repeated testing over time and that has lots of data to back up the explanation is called… a scientific theory

Place the following in order from the least amount of supporting evidence to the most: theory, natural law, speculation, scientific theory, hypothesis 3 5 1 4 2

What is science and why are observations and experiments important? Science investigates the natural world. Observations/experiments are important because they provide evidence to support claims and our understanding of the natural world.

With the new late start time for schools, students are provided the opportunity to get more time to sleep before coming to school. How does this extra time to sleep affect test scores? Design an experiment to answer this question. Make sure to describe your experimental design, identify both the independent and dependent variables, and the control group. Experimental design: How does extra time to sleep affect test scores? An experiment will be set up to test different start times for school / or different amounts of time to sleep and then track test scores over a series of tests.

Independent variable: The start time / amount of sleep

Dependent variable: Test scores.

Control group: Group that remains the same amount of time to sleep / start time

Using the diagram above, identify the types of radiation that are emitted by the sun. all parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum are emitted by the sun. -gamma rays, x-rays, uv, visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves

From the diagram above, identify the type(s) of radiation that are perceived by our human eyes. Also, identify where the long and short wavelengths, as well as high and low energy levels would be. We perceive only the visible light spectrum. The long wavelengths are on the right of the diagram, while the short wavelengths are on the left side. High energy is on the left and low energy the right.

When scientists analyze the visible spectrum (emission spectrum) produced by stars, they are able to determine multiple characteristics of that star. Identify three characteristics that they are able to deduce. The composition (elements), the speed and direction relative to us

Place all 8 planets in our solar system starting with the planet that is closest to the sun and identify their states (solid, gaseous, or frozen). Mercury s, Venus s, Earth s, Mars s, Jupiter g, Saturn g, Uranus f , Neptune f

What is the composition of both the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt? With your knowledge of the physical state of the planets and both belts, provide an explanation for our solar systems organization. The asteroid belt is composed of rocks and formed at the same time as the solar system. The asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter. The Kuiper belt is composed of asteroids and comets made of ice and is past Neptune. -The heavier chemical elements form the inner (dense) rocky planets -The lighter (less dense) gaseous planets are farther away from the sun -also, as you move farther from the radiation of the sun, the gas giants freeze -at the outer edge of our solar system, we see frozen objects (comets and dwarf planets)

PREFIX a, an aer amph anti arche/archaeo arthr ana auto

bi, di, diplo Bio

caud chloro cent, centi cyclo cyt, cyto

derm dis deca, deci

eco ecto, exo endo eu epi

germ geo giga

hemo heter homo, homeo hydro hyper hypo

icthy iso itis

kilo

logy litho

MEANING Without Oxygen Both Against Ancient Joint Apart Self

Two Life

Tail Green Hundred Circle Cell

Skin Apart from Ten, Tenth

House Outside Inside Good, True Above, On

Bud, Sprout Earth Billion

Blood Different Same, Alike Water Excessive Under, Less

Fish Equal Inflammation

Thousand

Study Stone

PREFIX lact leuc

macro medi, meso micro mega mono, uni, haplo meta mar meter milli

neo

odont ortho osteo

pod pheno photo phyto poly pseudo pre, pro ptera pyro peri post

saur sub semi sym scope

therm tele, telo tox troph, vor trans

zoo zygo

MEANING Milk White

Large Middle Small Million One With, Among Sea Measure Thousandth

New

Tooth Straight Bone

Foot Appearance Light Leaf Many False First, Before Wing Fire Around, Near After, Beyond

Lizard Under Half With, Together View, See

Heat, Temperature Distant, End Poison Feed, Nourishment Across

Animal Forming