Organic chemistry
the study of the structure and function of organic compounds
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Organic chemistry | the study of the structure and function of organic compounds |
Biochemistry | the study of organic compounds and their role in living organisms |
Carbon tetravalent | carbon has four valence electrons and forms four covalent bonds |
Organic compounds | compounds made of a carbon backbone with attached atoms held by covalent bonds |
Hydroxyl group | a functional group -OH found in all organic compound groups and is polar, at the middle or end of carbon skeleton |
Methyl group | a functional group -CH3 found at ends of carbon skeletons mostly in lipids |
Carbonyl group | a functional group -C=O found only in carbohydrates |
Aldehyde group | a carbonyl at the end of a carbon skeleton |
Ketone group | a carbonyl in the middle of a carbon skeleton |
Carboxyl group | a functional group -COOH found at ends of carbon skeletons and only in proteins |
Amino group | a functional group -NH2 found at ends of carbon skeletons and only in proteins |
Phosphate group | a functional group -PO4 found mostly in nucleic acids |
Sulfhydryl group | a functional group -SH found in certain proteins and forms stabilizing cross-links- middle or end of carbon skeleton- |
Macromolecule | a large organic polymer built from monomers |
Dehydration synthesis | a reaction that builds polymers from monomers and releases water and requires energy |
Hydrolysis | a reaction that breaks polymers into monomers using water and releases energy |
Carbohydrates | organic compounds containing C H and O with saccharide monomers |
Monosaccharide | a simple sugar with 3 to 8 carbons used for energy |
Disaccharide | two monosaccharides covalently bonded by glycosidic linkage |
Polysaccharide | many monosaccharides bonded together used for energy storage or structure |
Ketose sugar | a sugar containing a ketone functional group |
Aldose sugar | a sugar containing an aldehyde functional group |
Ribulose | a ketose pentose sugar used in photosynthesis |
Fructose | a ketose hexose sugar found in fruit |
Ribose | an aldose pentose sugar found in RNA |
Glucose | an aldose hexose sugar used by all organisms for energy |
Galactose | an aldose hexose sugar found in dairy |
Glycosidic linkage | the covalent bond between monosaccharides |
Maltose | a disaccharide made of glucose plus glucose |
Sucrose | a disaccharide made of glucose plus fructose |
Lactose | a disaccharide made of glucose plus galactose |
Starch | a plant storage polysaccharide of linear glucose chains |
Glycogen | an animal storage polysaccharide of branched glucose chains |
Cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of rope like glucose chains in plant cell walls |
Chitin | a structural polysaccharide of glucose with nitrogen in fungi and arthropod exoskeletons |
Lipids | hydrophobic organic compounds made of glycerol and fatty acids |
Glycerol | a small alcohol molecule forming part of lipids |
Fatty acid | a long hydrocarbon chain with hydrogens attached |
Ester linkage | the covalent bond between glycerol and fatty acids |
Fats | solid triglycerides used by animals for energy storage and insulation |
Oils | liquid triglycerides produced by plants |
Saturated fat | a fat with no double bonds and maximum hydrogens |
Unsaturated fat | a fat with at least one double bond and fewer hydrogens |
Phospholipid | a lipid with glycerol phosphate and two fatty acids forming cell membranes |
Hydrophilic head | the water loving end of a phospholipid |
Hydrophobic tail | the water fearing end of a phospholipid |
Wax | a lipid of glycerol plus one fatty acid used for waterproofing |
Sterol | a lipid like molecule with ring structure such as cholesterol and hormones |
Cholesterol | a sterol in cell membranes that can cause atherosclerosis in excess |
Sex hormones | sterol based hormones such as testosterone estrogen and progesterone |
Anabolic steroids | synthetic testosterone that increases muscle mass but reduces natural production |
Protein | an organic compound of amino acids containing C H O N and sometimes S |
Amino acid | the monomer of proteins containing amino group carboxyl group hydrogen and R group |
Peptide bond | the covalent bond linking amino acids |
Primary structure | the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein |
Secondary structure | alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding |
Tertiary structure | the 3D folding of a protein due to interactions between R groups |
Quaternary structure | interaction of multiple polypeptide chains |
Denaturation | a change in protein shape due to heat or pH |
Renaturation | the return of a protein to its normal shape |
Storage proteins | proteins that store nourishment such as albumin |
Structural proteins | proteins that form body components such as keratin and collagen |
Contractile proteins | proteins that allow muscle contraction such as actin and myosin |
Protective proteins | proteins of the immune system such as antibodies |
Transport proteins | proteins that move substances such as hemoglobin |
Hormonal proteins | proteins that regulate processes such as insulin and glucagon |
Enzymatic proteins | proteins that act as catalysts to speed reactions |
Nucleic acids | genetic materials DNA and RNA made of nucleotides |
Nucleotide | the monomer of nucleic acids containing phosphate pentose sugar and nitrogenous base |
Purine | a double ring nitrogenous base adenine or guanine |
Pyrimidine | a single ring nitrogenous base cytosine thymine or uracil |
Deoxyribose | the pentose sugar in DNA |
Ribose | the pentose sugar in RNA |