What are macromolecules?

Most large and important molecules found in all living things.

What are the 4 macromolecules?

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

What do cells use carbs, lipids, and proteins for?

1. Energy 2. Making their own cellular components

What is nucleic acid?

1. DNA + RNA 2. Found in whole foods, no nutritional value

Order of elements to organisms:

1. Elements 2. Functional groups/molecules 3. Monomers 4. Polymers 5. Organelles/cell structures 6. Cells 7. Tissue 8. Organs 9. Organ Systems 10. Organisms

What is a polymer?

A large molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

What is a monomer?

The building blocks of a polymer.

What do dehydration/condensation reactions do?

Build all polymers.

What are proteins facilitated by instead of enzymes?

Ribosomes

How do dehydration/condensation reactions happen?

One molecule donates a hydroxyl group, and another molecule donates a hydrogen atom. This creates water as a byproduct.

What are some examples of a dehydration reaction?

How the body builds DNA and how potatoes build starch.

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

How polymers are broken down.

How does a hydrolysis reaction happen?

A water molecule is broken apart into a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen.

What is an example of a hydrolysis reaction?

The body digests food. We need water to digest food.

What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What is the monomer of Proteins?

Amino Acids

What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids?

Nucleotides

What is the monomer of Lipids?

No one monomer makes up all lipids. All lipids are hydrophobic.

Carbon binds to:

1. Other carbons 2. Hydrogens!!! 3. Oxygen(O), Nitrogen(N), Sulfur(S), Phosphorous(P)

How are bonds between elements formed?

Through interactions with the electrons of the elements.

What structures can carbon be shown as?

1. Linear 2. Ringed

What is the branch of chemistry devoted to studying chemistry?

Organic Chemistry

What is the class of large biological molecules that do not include true polymers?

Lipids

All Lipids are what?

Hydrophobic

What 3 categories can lipids be divided into?

1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids

What are fats made out of?

triacylglycerol, one glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

What does a fatty acid carbon skeleton look like?

1. long; usually 16-18 carbons in length. 2. The fatty acids don't need to be identical 3. The carbon at the end is a part of a carboxyl group, while the rest of the skeleton consists of hydrocarbon chains

What are the 3 fatty acids?

1. Saturated Fatty Acid 2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid 3. Trans Fats/Partially hydrogenated fats

Features of Saturated Fats:

1. saturated with hydrogen, only have single bonds 2. solid at room temperature, higher melting point 3. usually animal fats

Features of Unsaturated fats:

1. not saturated with hydrogen, have double bonds 2. liquid at room temperature, lower melting point 3. usually plant fats

Features of Trans fats:

1. Do not occur in nature 2. unsaturated fats have had hydrogen chemically added 3. very bad for health

What is the major function of fats?

energy storage. A gram of fat stores twice as much energy as a gram of carbohydrates.

How do humans store fat?

in adipose cells.

What are other functions of fat in humans?

1. cushion vital organs 2. act as insulation

What are Phospholipids made out of?

1. glycerol glued to a phosphate group 2. nonpolar, hydrophobic "tails" made of 2 fatty acids 3. polar, hydrophilic "head" made of a phosphate group + choline

What does Amphipathic mean?

The molecule has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic pieces.

What do phospholipids form?

1. all biological membranes 2. a bilayer, with the heads contacting the water and the tails "protected" forming the inner layer

What are Micelles?

Lipid molecules that orient with the polar head towards water and nonpolar tails away from water. This is automatically formed when fats or phospholipids are dropped into water/

What are the 2 major differences between phospholipids and fats?

1. Phosphate-choline-glycerol vs. just glycerol 2. Two fatty acids vs. three fatty acids

What are Steroids made up of?

Carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Different steroids are distinguished by the particular chemical groups attached.

What is cholesterol?

A type of steroid that is crucial for animals.

What are 4 features of Cholesterol?

1. Found in the phospholipid membranes 2. Precursor for ALL steroid hormones 3. Synthesized in the liver 4. cholesterol levels are characterized by the proteins that shuttle cholesterol around the body

What do High Density Lipoproteins do?

Carry cholesterol out of the blood and back into the liver to be broken down. GOOD CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

What do Low Density Lipoproteins do?

Carry cholesterol out of the liver into the blood. BAD CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH