Anatomy

The study of the body's structure

Physiology

The study of how the body functions

Gross Anatomy

Structures visible to the naked eye

Regional Anatomy

Study by body area

Systemic Anatomy

Study by organ system

Cell physiology

Function at the cellular level

Organ physiology

Function of specific organs

Systemic physiology

Function of entire organ systems

What are the levels of organization

1. Chemical 2.Cellular 3.Tissue 4.Organ 5.Organ system 6.Organism

What happens at the chemical level of organization

Atoms bond to form molecules such as proteins and lipids (fundamental building blocks of life)

What happens at the cellular level of organization

Molecules form organelles and they combine to create cells

What happens at the tissue level of organization

Groups of similar cells work together to form tissues

What are the 4 tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Homeostasis

the body's drive to maintain internal balance

What variables are regulated during homeostasis

Temperature, pH, blood glucose, blood pressure

Normal body temperature

98.6 F

A failure of homeostasis results in what

Disease or death

what is the most common homeostatic mechanism

negative feedback

what is a stimulus

change in the internal environment that triggers the homeostatic response

what is a receptor

detects the stimulus and sends signals to the control center

what is an effector

Organ or tissue that carries out the response

what is negative feedback

response opposes or reverses the original stimulus

What is positive feedback

response enhances or amplifies the original stimuli

Cell

smallest living unit of the human body

Nucleus

houses DNA; controls cell activity

Mitochondria

Produces energy (ATP)

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins

Plasma membrane

controls what enters and exits

what does the epithelial tissue do

covers surfaces; lines cavities; forms glands

what does connective tissue do

supports, connects, and protects body parts

what does muscle tissue do

produces movement

what does nervous tissue do

transmits electrical signals; controls body functions

characteristics of epithelial tissue

tightly packed cells; no blood vessels

characteristics of connective tissue

cells scattered in extracellular matrix

characteristics of muscle tissue

Elongated cell; capable of contraction

characteristics of nervous tissue

neurons + supporting glial cells; highly specialized for communication

stress is due to what

any stimulus that disrupts homeostasis

stressor types

physical, psychological, chemicals

what is the body's primary response

Fight-or-flight

short term stress is called what

adaptive

chronic stress =

prolonged activation of stress response

what does hypothalamus do

activates the sympathetic nervous system

what does adrenal medulla do

releases adrenaline

HPA Axis:

Hypothalamus > Pituitary > Adrenal cortex > cortisol

elevated cortisol effects

suppressed immunity, weight gain, disrupted sleep, memory impairment

Long term risks of chronic stress is what

cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes

Epigenetics

study of heritable changes in gene expression without altering DNA

Gene regulation

genes can be turned on or off by epigenetic mechanisms

What are key mechanisms with epigenetics

DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA

Environmental influence

environment, behavior, and stress influence epigenetic marks and gene expression

what is DNA methylation

silences gene expression

What is histone modification

chemical tags on histone proteins alter DNA accessibility

what is acetylation

opens chromatin > gene activation

what is histone methylation

can activate or repress genes; changes can be passed to daughter cells during cell division

lifestyle factors

diet, exercise, stress, toxins, sleep

surface anatomy

identification of internal structures through external landmarks

what are body cavities

internal compartments separated by membranes that protect organs

superior

toward head/above

inferior

toward feet/below

anterior

toward front/ventral

posterior

toward back/dorsal

medial

toward midline

clinical application

enables precise, universal communication among healthcare professionals

what is always the first clinical priority

Physiological needs

the tissue type will always determine....

function, healing rate, and disease vulnerability

what is holistic care

requires addressing all levels of Maslow's pyramid from psychological to self-actualization

Histology

detailed microscopic study of tissues

cytology

analysis of cell structure and function

neural physiology

nervous system function

cardiovascular physiology

heart and blood vessels

renal physiology

kidney function

endocrinology

hormone systems

organ definition

composed of two or more different tissue types that work together to form a specific function

lungs definition

facilitate gas exchange allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled

liver definition

detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile for digestion, and regulates metabolic functions

how many major system do we have that maintain life and health

11

cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, and blood work together to transport nutrients and oxygen

examples of integumentary

skin, hair, nails

examples of skeletal

cones, cartilage, ligaments

examples of muscular

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles

examples of nervous

brain, spinal cord, nerves

endocrine

glands producing hormones

lateral

away from midline

cranial

toward head

caudal

toward tail (lower body)

proximal

closer to the origin or center of body

distal

farther from origin or center of body

deep

internal or inner structures within body

superficial

external or outer structures on the body surface

ipsilateral

located on the same side of body

contralateral

located on opposite side of body

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves

median sagittal

divides body into equal left and right halves

frontal plane

vertical plane that divides body into front and back portions

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions

oblique plane

any diagonal direction cutting through body

posterior cavity

cranial activity and spinal activity house the brain and spinal cord

anterior cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic contain vital organs

thoracic cavity

superior anterior containing vital organs and structures of the chest

pleural cavity

contains lungs, lined with pleural membrane that allows for respiratory movement

mediastinum

central area containing thymus, esophagus, trachea

pericardial cavity

surrounds heart, provides protective fluid filled space for cardiac function

abdominopelvic cavity

inferior;anterior, providing a space for vital abdomen and pelvic organs

what is in the upper right quadrant of the body

right lobe of the liver, right kidney, and gallbladder

what is in the right lower quadrant of the body

right ovary and appendix

whats in the epigastric region

stomach and pancreas

whats in the umbilical region

central area around the naval containing small intestines

whats in the left upper quadrant of the body

left lobe of the liver, left kidney, and left spleen

whats in the left lower quadrant of the body

left ovary and descending colon

what is a serious membrane

sheets lining anterior cavities; reduce friction as organs move

what type of serious membrane is pleura

thoracic cavity

what type of serious membrane is pericardium

the heart

what type of serious membrane is peritoneum

abdomen