Pull factors of the USA?

Open door policy: large numbers of immigrants were being let in with few restrictions Land: US offered cheap or free farmland especially for scot and irish farming families Jobs/industry: huge demand for workers in railways, factories, mines due to rapid industrial growth Wages: much higher than Europe Freedom/democracy: religious freedom, freedom of speech, right to vote Existing communities: immigrants attracted to area were family or neighbours had already settled The American dream: land of the free, people hoped they could succeed

Push factors of the USA

Unemployment/ Economic Crisis: people left countries that were not industrialised, employment sarce, or economic crisis Poverty: peasants and workers faced very low wages and poor living conditions Irish potato famine: blight destroyed main food source causing mass starvation 1million died Highland clearances: Scot landlords evicted crofting families for sheep farming Persecution: Jews faced discrimination and restrictions

Arrival at Ellis Island

- checked for disease - quarantined for 6 weeks - transported to new york - no further help given - most arrived with no job, little money and unable to speak english

Housing and Living Conditions for immigrants

Immigrant districts: with people from the same place e.g. little italy Tenement slums: overcrowded, dark, damp, poorly built housing. Lack of sanitation: Few toilets or drains, rubbish thrown in streets, no clean water, disease spread quickly High rents: landlords charged immigrants high rents for bad housing (often half their weekly wage) Language Barrier: made harder by not speaking english

Work and Poverty for immigrants

Low paid jobs: unskilled working in factories/construction Exploitation; hired to break strikes causing anger from Americans Political bosses: some had to pay part of their wage to get jobs Struggle to survive: long, hours, dangerous conditions, wages too low to escape poverty

Social integration/ hostility

- language barrier: made finding jobs hard - reliance on community: depended on for work, shops, support - religious conflict: protestant Americans resented catholic(irish, italians) and jews - prejudice: Italians seen as criminals, Jews treated as inferior - politics: blamed for spreading communism, anarchism

How did attitudes towards immigration change 1920s?

- The Red Scare: Russian revolution, people feared that communism and anarchism could spread to the US (those people thought to encourage strikes, radical politics, social unrest) - Fear of Crime: immigrants lived in the poorest area, crime rates were higher (Italians associated with organised crime) newspapers exaggerated this - Housing: Americans blamed immigrants for overcrowding and high rent - Jobs: immigrants accepted lower wages, used to break strikes - Loyalty: people worried that immigrants could still be loyal to enemy countries - Racism: non protestant groups were seen as inferior or thought to undermine religion and traditions - Nativism: immigrants thought to threaten the American way of life by keeping traditions from home. - Cultural separation: spoke home language, lived in ethnic neighbourhoods, maintained home traditions

How did immigration change?

- huge increase of immigration during ww1 to esacape the war and economic depression - Americans were mistrustful of foreigners - early immigrants (WASP) thought new immigrants were a threat

Preventing immigration (the closing of the open door)

- restricted people from Asia, and Southern/eastern Europe - new immigrants were being studied and thought to compete for jobs with Americans, cause crime, spread radical ideas - northern and western countries immigrants were favoured - restricted massively the number of immigrants per year - made it very difficult for immigrants to get in

Actions by the KKK

- lynched or tortured black people - burned crosses on hillsides and near homes to frighten people - victims might be kidnapped, whipped, mutilated or murdered if they didn't do what the KKK wanted - the Klan at peak strength was 3 million - black people had no protection as members were police and juries - intimidated and had impossible tests to prevent black people from voting

Pull Factors of the North

- Job opportunities: ww1 created huge demand for workers, companies paid for black people to travel to work in the north (railroads,steel mills,factories,tannerias) - Political freedom: black people could vote - Relatives: wrote to family in the south encouraging them to come north, black newspapers told success stories, letters told of less discrimination + higher wages

Push Factors of the North

- Fear of violence: KKK, lynchings - Natural disasters: Floods (Mississippi river destroyed homes + harvest of many sharecroppers), boll-weevil destroyed cotton plants black farmers source of income, dust bowl severe dust storms people+livestock killed crops failed across the region Economic problems: sharecroppers were heavily indebt, low paid jobs, poor quality housing and education, discrimination and segregation

Black americans during ww1

- were placed in segregated units with poor training + equipment this changed later due to manpower shortages - America was fighting the discrimination that they were facing at home - other countries treated them as equals - the did well in battle proving that they could excel in combat roles which challenged racism views

What was the Double V campaign?

Victory Abroad in the war and Victory at Home for civil rights - raised awareness about racism - encouraged black Americans to fight for equality at home - fought for equal rights, fair employment, end to segregation both abroad and at home

what were the civil rights campaigns?

- activism that sought to secure full political, social, and economic rights for African Americans in the period from 1946 to 1968 - included: lawsuits, lobbying the federal government, direct action and black power

What were the non violent civil rights campaigns?

- civil rights movement of the 1950s and first half of 1960s - aimed to end segregation and jim crow laws - led mainly by Martin Luther King

Campaigns to desegregate schools?

- Brown vs. Topeka board of education 1954 - Little Rock Arkansas 1957

Campaigns to desegregate public transport and places?

- Montgomery Bus Boycott 1957 - Freedom Rides 1961

Campaigns to alert about the plight of Black Americans?

- March on Washington 1963 - Birmingham Campaign 1963 - Selma to Montgomery March 1965

What happened Brown Vs Topeka Board of Education?

- Oliver Brown filed suit against Topeka Board of Education as they wouldn't let his daughter attend and claimed schools weren't equal - case went to supreme court which ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional - despite being told to desegregate, schools in the south resisted - due to this real change in schools took years

why was Brown vs. Board important for the campaigns? 6 points

- First major legal victory of the Civil Rights Movement - Established the precedent that “separate but equal” is unconstitutional in education - Inspired confidence in non-violent action for civil rights campaigns - Led to gradual school desegregation across the United States, though implementation took years - Influenced future civil rights actions, e.g., Montgomery Bus Boycott - the desegregation of schools meant that white and black children would grow up side by side which would help to lessen prejudice in the future

what happened Little Rock Arkansas

- September 3 1957, 9 black students attempted to attend an all white high school - the Arkansas governor mobilised the Arkansas national guard to prevent the little rock nine from entering the school (this was later declared illegal) - September 24, the 9 were taken into the school through a back door, this angered citizens who stormed the school grounds and the 9 were taken to safety as the police controlled the crowd - the president sent troops to escort the students, for next few months they attended school under armed supervision - only one graduated due to the harassment they faced

why was Little Rock important for the campaigns? 6 points

- Showed federal government could enforce Supreme Court rulings - Exposed violent resistance to desegregation in Southern states - Increased national media attention on civil rights issues - Little Rock Nine became a symbol of courage and resilience - Highlighted limits of change—“Lost Year” as schools were closed pending an integration vote and ongoing harassment showed integration was slow and difficult - The fact that the 9 students remained non-violent even in the face of threat and abuse also made the non violence movement popular.

what happened Montgomery bus boycott?

- Began after Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat on Dec 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama - Nearly entire Black community boycotted city buses for 381 days - Boycott started Dec 5, 1955 and ended Dec 20, 1956 - Boycott organized by Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) led by Martin Luther King Jr. - Supreme Court ruled bus segregation laws unconstitutional in 1956 forcing integration

why was Montgomery bus boycott important for the campaigns? 6 points

- successfully ended bus segregation as it lead to the supreme court declared segregation on public buses unconstitutional - elevated Martin Luther King as a national leader due to his commitment to non violence - demonstrated the power of non violent protests as it was one of the first large-scale demonstrations of non violent resistance - it showed the effectivity of community led activism as it showed that communities working together could sustain the long-term protest - it created significant economic pressures by making the bus companies lose money - it inspired further campaigns as it showed that change was possible when people committed to it

what happened freedom rides?

- Challenge racial segregation in interstate bus travel - Began May 4, 1961, starting from Washington, D.C., to Louisiana - Riders included 7 Black and 6 white participants, faced extreme violence along the route - Organized to test Supreme Court rulings and force federal enforcement of the desegregation of public transport facilities - Highlighted ongoing discrimination and drew national attention to civil rights violation

why was the freedom rides important for the campaigns? 6 points

- Forced federal enforcement of interstate bus desegregation laws (ICC regulations) - Increased national awareness of racial injustice - Showed non-violent protest could provoke federal action - Strengthened cooperation between CORE and SNCC - Inspired further civil rights campaigns, highlighting courage in face of violence - showed the nation that changing laws would not change peoples racism

what happened Sit Ins?

- begun in Greensboro when 4 black college students were inspired by martin luther kings non-violent protests and went to a whites only lunch counter - they ordered coffees but were refused service and told to leave they refused to leave - they returned the next day with 20 more peaceful protesters - media coverage helped the movement to quickly spread across the south - across the states many of the protesters were arrested for disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace

why was the sit ins important for the campaigns? 6 points

- Showed young people could organise effective non-violent protests - Inspired hundreds of similar sit-ins across southern cities - Gained national media coverage highlighting segregation - Led some businesses to desegregate lunch counters - sympathy ad media coverage led to support from white Americans adding to the demand for civil rights - led to the formation of the Students Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee (SNCC) which provided student volunteers for marches and other protests

what happened The Birmingham Campaign

- Martin Luther King led a march through Birmingham against the discrimination - many people were arrested and King wrote his 'letter from Birmingham jail' in which he explained the importance of the non violent protests, instead of being bailed out he stayed in longer to draw attention to the plight of black Americans - the campaign wasn't getting enough attention so the children's crusade was organised and they marched from school for desegregation and equal rights - police responded harshly using fire hoses, dogs and mass arrests - images of the children being attacked shocked the nation and grew support for the civil rights movement and some facilities were desegregated

why was the Birmingham Campaign important for the campaigns? 6 points

- National media coverage of police using dogs, high-pressure hoses, and mass arrests shifted public opinion across the US - Led to partial desegregation of Birmingham’s public facilities - Demonstrated the power of non-violent direct action in forcing change - Increased pressure on federal government, contributing to the Civil Rights Act (1964) - Showed limits: full economic and voting rights changes were not achieved immediately, highlighting ongoing struggle - showed everyone the extent of the racism in some places - KKK took revenge against the success firebombing hotels and churches which showed that people would fight back harshly against black people gaining civil rights

what happened The March on Washington

- it was the 100 year anniversary of the emancipation of slaves - led by 6 main leaders including Martin Luther King - 250,000 people took part marching to the Lincoln memorial to protest for challenges and inequalities faced by black people - several people made speeches at the Lincoln memorial including Kings "I have a dream" speech - there were also performances by singers

why was the march on washington important for the campaigns? 6 points

- Demonstrated mass public support for civil rights and racial equality - Pressured Congress and the federal government to pass civil rights legislation - lead directly to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, banning segregation in public places and employment discrimination - Strengthened King’s role as a national leader (led to nobel peace prize) - Showed peaceful mass protest could influence federal law and inspire further activism - had huge media coverage showing that people wanted civil rights

what happened Selma to Montgomery March?

- Led by Martin Luther King, a group of demonstrators attempted to march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand the right to vote. When the marchers reached the outskirts of Selma, they were attacked by state troopers and local police. The day became known as ‘Bloody Sunday’. - they did another march along the same route the following day. - The Reverend James Reeb, a minister and civil rights activist, was murdered by white segregationists at Selma, dying of head injuries in the hospital two days after being severely beaten. - In Montgomery, King gave a speech to a gathered crowd of 25,000. Within hours of this speech, a White 39 year old civil rights campaigner, Viola Liuzzo had been murdered by the Ku Klux Klan.

why was the Selma to Montgomery march important for the campaigns? 6 points

- Television coverage of “Bloody Sunday” shocked the nation - Created public outrage and sympathy for protesters - Directly led to the Voting Rights Act 1965 - Banned literacy tests and allowed federal supervision of voter registration - Marked a turning point — voting rights became a national political priority - the murder gained a attention from the president who made a speech about it

Martin Luther Kings importance in the movement?

- promoted the use of nonviolent disobedience - established the civil rights group, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) who later coordinated protests (march on wash) - his protests (bus boycott) led to improved civil rights - motivational speeches (I have a dream) - gained national publicity = gained attention for the cause - leadership gained the support of many white Americans

conditions of black people in northern cities?

- lived in cheap, slum housing of the ghettos - stuck in the cycle of poverty - faced discrimination and poverty - no escape as housing shortages and white people tried to keep blacks away - unemployment, low-paid work, bad housing, ill-health, depression, poor schools, crime, drugs and gangs

Watts Riots (1965)

- neighbourhood of Watts LA was 98% black, most of the police were white - a minor incident between police and residents escalated into major confrontation - lasted 6 days, with 36 deaths, 900 injured and 400 arrested - marked the beginning of similar unrest in US cities - Martin Luther King visited to promote non-viollence but was heckled as residents thought his approach wouldn't work for their reality - showed the growing support for black power over nonviolence in northern cities

Chicago and segregation 1950s-1966

- Chicago was considered the most racially segregated city in the USA by the late 1950s - Conditions had not improved by 1966 - Black residents were forced into overcrowded ghettos - Mayor Daley, estate agents, and White residents were accused of blocking Black families from moving into White areas - Chicago became a symbol of racial problems in Northern cities

The Chicago Freedom movement + race riots 1966

- Martin Luther King and SCLC introduced nonviolent plan to help Chicago, the main goal was fair housing - when activists went to white neighbourhoods they faced hostile white mobs - King met with city leaders to work on fair housing - riots broke out in the long, hot, summer 1966 - 1966 alone had 43 race riots in US cities

Impact of the riots late1960s

- weakened Martin Luther kings influence among black people - growing support for black power as nonviolence wasn't improving ghetto conditions - after severe riots in Detroit President Johnson ordered an investigation - concluded that White society had created and maintained the conditions that caused the riots and the suffering in the ghettos

The nation of Islams beliefs?

- Accepted only Black Americans as members - Considered Whites as ‘devils’ - Rejected integration in favour of separatism - Believed Black Americans should set up separate nation in the USA - The need to have pride in their Black and Muslim identity - The need to run businesses, shops and services for themselves

What was Malcolm X's name and why did he change it?

- originally Malcolm Little - rejected his surname as his slave name - changed it and the X represents his African name that was stolen by the people who bought and sold his ancestors

What were the beliefs of Malcolm X?

- he thought blacks should not try to be accepted by white society but form their own society - he thought non violence was weak and defenceless - seen as a threat by the government as they thought he would build up hatred against white people causing riots and revolution - he was followed by the FBI

Where did black power originate from?

- Stokely Carmichael became the new leader of the SNCC - he changed the organisation to encourage aggression and violence using the slogan 'black power'

what were the black power beliefs?

- black people shouldn't 'wait' for whites to give them civil rights - blacks should build their own facilities (schools, businesses, hospitals) without white interference - black people should defend themselves violently if necessary against white attacks

what were the black panthers beliefs?

- believed in the use of violence - anti-police and anti-whites - defended themselves and provided for black communities to make the ghettos better

what did the black panthers do for the ghettos?

- Free breakfast for poor children - Local school support groups - Free clothes for the poor - Campaigns for community control of the police - Campaigns to stop drugs and crime in the poorest areas

what did the black panthers want?

- Full employment for black people - End to the robbery of the black people by the racist US government - Decent housing - Education for our people - All black men to be exempt from military service - End to police brutality and murder of black people - Freedom for all black men held in American jails - A jury of black people for black people brought to trial - Land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace