Systemic arteries pressure

High pressure

Pulmonary system and veins pressure

Low pressure

Standing up blood shift

Blood relocates to legs causing postural hypotension

Vessel radius effect on flow

Flow increases to the fourth power when radius doubles

Capillaries flow velocity

Slowest due to large cross-sectional area

Veins function

Most distensible vessels; act as blood reservoirs

Cardiac muscle structure

Interconnecting latticework with intercalated disks

Cardiac muscle mitochondria

Large and numerous

Cause of JVD

No valves at atrial entry causing backup

Diastole definition

Ventricular relaxation and filling

Afterload definition

Work caused by increased systemic arterial pressure

Ventricular tachycardia effect

Decreased cardiac output due to reduced filling time

Korotkoff sounds cause

Pressure pulsations during BP measurement

Normal right atrial pressure

0 mmHg

Critical closing pressure

Vessels collapse if blood withdrawn too fast

Major coronary artery occlusion

Collateral circulation cannot compensate

Collateral circulation development

Gradual development protects myocardium

STEMI indicators

Pain unrelieved by rest/nitrates, ST elevation, T-wave inversion, Q waves, rising markers

RAAS blockade effect

Induces vasodilation

Glomerular capillary fenestrations

Allow filtration of small molecules

Albumin deficiency effect

Decreased oncotic pressure causing ascites

Endothelins

Cause smooth muscle contraction

Norepinephrine vascular effect

Primary neurotransmitter causing vasoconstriction

CRP significance

Marker of systemic inflammation

Smoking and CHD risk

Risk decreases after cessation

Statin effects

Reduce LDL and triglycerides; increase HDL

Acute arterial occlusion signs

Six Ps: pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, polar

Atherosclerotic occlusive disease signs

Intermittent claudication and diminished pulses

Raynaud disease management

Keep warm and use vasodilators

Venous ulcer treatment

Compression therapy

Pulse pressure determinants

Stroke volume and arterial distensibility

Sleep apnea BP effect

Hypoxemia activates chemoreceptors causing vasoconstriction

Hypertension risk factors

Obesity, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle

Coarctation of aorta signs

Lower leg BP < arm BP; weak femoral pulses

Right-sided heart failure signs

Peripheral edema, fatigue, RUQ pain

Left-sided heart failure signs

Pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, crackles

BNP purpose

Differentiates HF from respiratory causes

Heart failure medication regimen

Diuretic + ACE inhibitor + beta-blocker

Hypovolemic shock treatment

Normal saline or Ringer lactate

Neurogenic shock signs

Bradycardia with warm, dry skin

Septic shock signs

Warm flushed skin, low BP, dilated vessels

Potassium role

Maintains resting membrane potential

SA node phase 4

Slow spontaneous depolarization

WPW syndrome

Reentry circuit due to extra pathway

Atrial flutter cause

Reentry rhythm in right atrium

Atrial fibrillation

Chaotic impulses; irregular ECG; treated with anticoagulants and beta-blockers

Bundle branch block

Wide QRS

Long QT syndrome associations

Linked to anorexia and electrolyte imbalance

Defibrillation purpose

Depolarizes entire heart so SA node regains control

Mitral stenosis

Incomplete opening causing LA distention and reduced LV filling

New murmur cause

Valve stenosis or regurgitation

Infective endocarditis complication

Systemic emboli to brain, kidneys, limbs

Infective endocarditis diagnostics

Echo, blood cultures, temperature

Tetralogy of Fallot

Pulmonic stenosis restricting pulmonary outflow

Right-sided HF in children

Early sign is hepatomegaly

Beta-blockers in arrhythmias

Depress phase 4 to decrease automaticity

Calcium channel blockers

Slow SA and AV conduction causing bradycardia

Amiodarone

Treats serious ventricular arrhythmias

PSVT treatment

Adenosine, diltiazem, metoprolol