pupil

The opening or hole in the middle of the iris that allows light to pass through

cornea

Transparent domed-shaped covering over the pupil and iris, part of the eye that allows light rays to pass through

sclera

The thick, fibrous layer of the eye which helps maintain the shape, the white of the eye, and the protective part of the eye which protects the inner structure

conjunctiva

the clear membrane over the sclera and covers the inner eyelids. It helps lubricate the eyes by helping the tears adhere to the eye

iris

the colored part of the eye

crystalline lens

this is a biconvex, refractive lens that is the autofocus mechanism

retina

The area that covers the back of the eye and receives light; it is the light-sensitive part of the eye.

optic nerve

Signals from the rods and cones travel through this part of the visual pathway that carries information to the brain. This is what connects the eye to the brain

optic disc

where the optic nerve enters/exits the eye, aka blind spot, no receptor cells. This is where the axons and retinal ganglion cells join and make the beginning of the optic nerve, so it is the junction of the optic nerve and retina

brain

It turns the electrical signals into images; it compares right and left vision to add depth and make the image three-dimensional. It also flips the image so it appears right side up. So, we see with our brains

ciliary body

The muscle responsible for controlling the shape of the lens contains the ciliary muscle that goes around the lens

Zonule Fibers (Suspensory Ligaments

ligaments that connect the ciliary body to the lens

anterior chamber

It is the chamber between the cornea and the iris where aqueous humor collect

aqueous humor

clear liquid inside the front part of the eye that nourishes the eye and keeps it inflated. The eye is constantly producing small amounts of amounts humor while an equal part flows out through the trabecular meshwork in the drainage angle

posterior chamber

This chamber is posterior to the iris but anterior to the lens.

Trabecular Meshwork

located at the base of the cornea and is responsible for draining aqueous humor through the anterior chamber using tubes called Schlemm’s canal

Schlemm's canal

where aqueous humor flows after passing through the trabecular meshwork

vitreous chamber

middle chamber in the eye; Contains a gel-like substance called vitreous humor

choroid

This contains the capillaries and blood vessels that provide nutrients to the retina

macula

A small, oval-shaped structure in the center of the retina that is very light-sensitive and contains the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). It is about 5mm and yellow in color, which allows it to absorb excess blue and UV light. It is responsible for our central vision and provides a clear, straight ahead vision

Fovea Centralis

a small depression at the center of the macula that's responsible for central vision. It's the point at which visual acuity is at its highest, sharpest vision. The fovea contains only cones (the cells that receive visual information). This is why the fovea is responsible for the clearest or sharpest vision. It helps with image detail, such as distinguishing different colors and sensing three-dimensional depth

Ora Serrata

It is the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body

name the anatomical planes

transverse, frontal, sagittal

how fast does light travel?

186,000 miles per second

anterior-

toward front

posterior

toward back

lateral-

toward outside, temporal

medial-

toward center, nasal

superior-

toward top

inferior-

toward bottom

proximal-

closer, near point of origin

distal-

further, away from point of origin

what does the outer layer consist of?

sclera, cornea

what does the middle layer consist of?

choroid, ciliary body, and iris

what are the chambers of the eye?

anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber

What is the approximate power of the cornea?

Cornea power approx. +43.00 diopters

The average power of the crystalline lens?

Crystalline Lens power (varies) approx. =12.00 to +33.00 diopters -the average are +17.00 diopters

The average power of the normal eye?

Power of the average, normal eye is +60.00 diopter

What does emmetropia mean?

no glasses or contacts necessary

what does hyperopia mean?

farsighted, crystalline lens is too weak

what does myopia mean?

near sighted, crystalline lens is too strong

Superior rectus-

turns the eye up and a little in to the nose

inferior rectus

turns the eye down and in a little to the nose

medial rectus-

PULLS the eye inward

lateral rectus-

PULLS the eye outward

adduction-

eye turns in

abduction-

eye turns out

intortion-

12 o'clock rotates in

extorsion-

12 o'clock rotates out

elevation-

up

depression-

down