Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life in animals and plants), and Cells come from the reproduction of pre-existing cells (cell division)

Light (compound) microscope

Use light to pass through a specimen and use two lenses to form an image by focusing light

Stereomicroscope (Dissecting Microscope/Stereomicroscope)

Designed for low magnification, uses light reflected from the surface of an object rather than transmitted through it, using a shorter wavelength to achieve a lower/smaller (better resolution)

Domains of Living Things

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Eukaryotes

Enclose their DNA in their nuclei (have a nucleus), larger, more complex

Prokaryotes

Do not enclose DNA in nuclei; instead have a nucleoid region (center) that contains the DNA (do not have a nucleus); simpler, less complex, no membrane bound organelles

Unicellular

Organisms that are composed of one cell

Multicellular

Organisms that are composed of many cells

Nucleoid Region

Contains circular DNA, not enclosed in a membrane

Flagellum

Tail-like appendage that allows the cell to move

Capsule

Provides protection and adhesion to surfaces

Vacoule

Provides movement by taking in and releasing water in some bacteria (includes: central, contractile, and food functions)

Fimbriae

Short, hair-like structures that enable bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, receptor binding, and host colonization.

Pili (Pilus)

Functions include adhesion, motility, and DNA transfer

Cell Wall

Protects the cell, prevents cell from absorbing too much water or bursting, shape

Obligate parasites

Require a host to replicate

Compartmentalization

A process in which cells evolved to have complex internal structures, including organelles, which have many functions (functional units), divide labor and keep things organized

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes oils, phospholipids, lipids, and steroids and detoxifies drugs and poisons

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Produces proteins for secretion

Centriole

Responsible for cell division, part of the centrosome

Peroxisome

Make cholesterol, catabolism of fatty acids, breaks down hydrogen peroxide, replicates by splitting into two once its too large

Mitochondria

Release energy from food by cellular respiration, double membrane

Cytoskeleton

Include: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments, transport organelles within the cell, maintain cell shape, movement (flagella/cilia)

Lysosome

Recycles components of food, debris, bacteria, contains hydrolytic enzymes

Cytoplasm

Anchors cell organelles, site of translation and metabolic processes

Golgi apparatus

Protein processing, transport, manufacture and attach carbs to proteins, actin polymerization causes vesicles to move

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Nuclear pore

Site where RNA exits

Nucleolus

A dense region where ribosomes are assembled

Nucleus

Separates DNA from the rest of the cell, control center

Chloroplast

Produces food (sugar) by photosynthesis, double membrane, contain chlorophyll

A (large) central vacuole

Produces turgor pressure, recycles cell contents (sap), contains pigments

Chromosomes

Carry the cell's genetic information

Chromatin

A complex of DNA bound to proteins

Glycocalyx

A fuzzy, carbohydrate-rich (proteins too!) coat that covers the surface of many cells (e.g., lining blood vessels (endothelial cells) and bacteria) that functions in regulating vascular permeability, preventing thrombosis, and influencing cell adhesion

Internal Transport (secretory pathway/endomembrane system) in the Cell

Proteins are secreted from the ER and move to the cis side of the Golgi apparatus in vesicles that fuse with the Golgi. Proteins are packaged (folded) and modified (adding/removing functional groups), and then vesicles on the trans side of the Golgi either fuse with the cell membrane to release their contents or fuse with a lysosome, where hydrolytic enzymes break down the products.

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

Have double membranes, reproduce independently, and contain their own DNA

Endosymbiotic Theory

States that chloroplasts and mitochondria descended from an independent microorganisms that were engulfed by an ancestral (ancient) prokaryote