Photosynthesis

the process of converting light (kinetic) energy into chemical (potential) energy

Glucose

C6H12O6

Pigments

Molecules that capture energy from light

Chloraphyll

a main photosynthetic pigment in plants

Stroma

exchanges CO2 in and out the cell that contains stacks of thylakoid membrane

photosystem

a large protein structure in the thylakoid membrane

light reactions

use light to convert chemical energy, occur in thylakoids; stripes the h from h2o

carbon reactions

do not use light, use energy from light to produce sugar

NAPDH

takes electrons from one molecule and reduces electron carrier

Light Reactions

1. electrons move to an ETC (electron transport chain) 2. as we place electrons down, the hydrogens get stored (carbon is released) 3. enzyme ATP synthase hydrogen goes down the concentration to create ATP 4. electrons get powered back up again using another chlorophyl 5. electrons pass another PSI then reduce the electron carrier from NADP+ to NADPH

Carbon Reaction (Calvin cycle)

1. Taking CO2 the plant brings in (enzyme rubisco adds CO2 to the molecule to form RUBE then striped apart to make) 2. PGAL is a small amount from RUBE when used with ATP and NADPH (makes 6) to stabilize 3. After making 6 PGAL, one PGAL leaves the cycle, then takes 5 to the next cycle 4. PGAL is 3 carbon then keep carbon fixation cycle 5. plants use the sugar

C3 plants

make PGALS

C4 and CAM

adapted to hot, dry

Cellular Respiration

the process of making ATP by breaking down sugar

Glycolysis

Glucose split half forming pyruvate

Krebs cycle

derivative of pyruvate is oxidated when co2 is released

Electron Transport Chain

energy from electrons is used to form ATP

Aerobic

gives us the most ATPS (30-40 ATPS per molecule)

Anarobic

gives 2-8 ATPS

Fermentation

uses pyruvate to oxidate NADH forming NADPH+

Alcohol Fermentation

converts pyruvate to co2 and ethanol

Lactic Acid

converts pyruvate to lactic

Double helix structure

3 parts of nucleotide are a phosphate group and 5 carbon sugar w nitrogen base

Antiparallel structure

both sides of the double helix are parallel to one another but moving on opposite directions

Genome

all the genes inside of the cell (All the content in the cell; mitochondrion, DNA, RNA)

Central dogma

explains how DNA encodes proteins

2 types of RNAs

messenger RNA transfer RNA ribosomal RNA

Transcription

builds mRNA in 3 steps (what I'm making)

Initiation

RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and binds promoter at beginning of gene

Elongation

RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from DNA strand

Termination

RNA polymerase reaches terminator region at end of gene and separates to form

Introns

leaves the nucleus during RNA slicing

Exons

stay to decide which product to make for every 3 basis the codon chart encodes for amino acid

AUG

always the start of the sequence

Point mutation

only after single codon, so only one amino acid affect

Frameshift mutation

insert or delete a base pair but can alter many codons

Nonsense mutation

insert a premature stop codon and can lead to protein destruction

Viruses

brings new gene into cells

Stages of Viral Replication

1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Synthesize 4. Assembly 5. Release

Virophages

can reproduce in distinct ways during cellular infection

Lytic Infection

virus enters bacteria immediately replicates, causes host cell to burst

Lysogenic infection

viral replication along w bacterial genes

A prion

a normal cellular protein that sometimes adopts an abnormal shape

Zygote

a fertilized egg that divides by mitosis

Gametes

sperm and egg cell not yet through fertilization

Mitosis

replicates the cell

Helicase

(scissors) unwinds DNA

DNA polymerase

synthesizes new DNA strands

Ligases

(glue) join short strands into long strands

G1 Phase

normal call function and cell growth

S phase

DNA replication

G2

additional growth and preparation for division

Mitosis

cell division (after creating 2 new daughter anything that's not cellular reproduction is cells back again)

Prophase

chromosomes condense and spindle forms

Metaphase

aligns chromosomes in middle of the cell to ensure each cell will receive one copy of each chromosome

Anaphase

chromosomes separated and pulled to opposite sides of cell, cell starts to elongate

Telophase

Two copies of DNA are at opposite ends of the end (cytokinesis)