Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera)

unicellular organisms lacking nuclei

Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cell)

1-10 μm (average range) most fall between 1-5μm in diameter --Can be seen with a light microscope

Bacterial cell shapes Coccus

-cells that are spherical, round or oval in appearance

Bacterial cell shapes Bacillus

cells that are rod-like in appearance

Bacterial cell shapes Vibrio

comma shaped (1 curve)

Bacterial cell shapes Spirilla

“S” – shaped (2 curves)

Bacterial cell shapes Spirochete

cork-screw in shape (multiple curves)

Bacterial cell arrangement--(colonial formations) Diplo__

2 cells attached

Bacterial cell arrangement--(colonial formations) Strepto__

a chain of cells attached

Bacterial cell arrangement--(colonial formations) Staphylo__

a cluster of cells attached

Bacterial cell arrangement--(colonial formations) Tetrad__

4 cells attached

Bacterial cell arrangement--(colonial formations) Long Filaments __

numerous cells attached in thread-like arrangement

Diplococci

Two spherical cells attached

Streptococci

A chain of spherical cells attached

Streptobacilli

A chain of rod-like cells attached

Staphylococci

A cluster of spherical cells attached

what are Long thread-like filamentous cells typical for

are for cyanobacteria

Capsule

a jelly-like outer coating, only in certain species of bacteria

Cell Wall

a protective covering of peptidoglycan

Plasma (cell) membrane

primarily a phospholipid bilayer with no cholesterol that is selectively permeable

Capsule staining India ink

stains everything but the capsule Dark Purple

Plasmids

additional DNA arranged in small circles --carries accessory genes and are only in bacteria

Ribosomes

tiny dotlike structures that are the sites of protein synthesis

Flagella

long whip-like tails for locomotion only in certain bacteria

Pili

hairlike extensions from a capsule used for attachment to surfaces --Only in some bacteria

Gram staining

A staining process used to identify the composition of a pathogenic bacterial cell wall.

Gram staining--Crystal Violet

will get absorbed by any peptidoglycan --Will stain it Violet

Gram Staining--Safranin stain

which will get absorbed by any lipids --will stain red

Gram + results

--Bacteria with a cell wall consisting of multiple layers of peptidoglycan --Stains violet

Gram -- results

--Bacteria with a cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipids --Stains red

Prokaryotic flagella

comprised of a single microfilaments anchored by a basal apparatus

Flagellar arrangement Lophotrichous

a bacterium whose flagella extend from only one end of a bacterial cell

Flagellar arrangement Amphitrichous

a bacterium whose flagella extend from both ends of a bacterial cell

Flagellar arrangement Peritrichous

a bacterium whose flagella extend from multiple points of a bacterial cell

binary fission

All bacteria can do so through asexually reproducing

endospore formation

Some bacteria can do so though asexually reproducing

Malachite green stain

stain used for endospore identification

Endospore germination

will only germinate if and when favorable conditions return. --can remain in the environment for millions of years

Transformation

A bacteria genetic material transfer --A change in the genotype and phenotype of a living bacterial cell due to the assimilation of external DNA (usually DNA comes from dead cell or from the environment)

Transduction

A bacteria genetic material transfer --A DNA transfer process in which bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium, injecting the Phage into the other bacterium to transfer its DNA

Conjugation

A bacteria genetic material transfer --The direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined with a sex pilus --- is not a reciprocal swapping of DNA. It is uni-directional.

Phototroph

uses light as its source of energy

Chemotroph

uses organic or inorganic molecules as its source of energy

Autotroph

uses carbon dioxide as its source of carbon

Heterotroph

uses organic compounds as its source of carbon.

Photoautotroph

Uses light-for energy and CO2-for carbon --cyanobacteria do this

Chemoautotroph

Uses Inorganic chemicals-for energy and CO2-for carbon

Photoheterotroph

Uses light-for energy source and Organic compounds-for carbon --extremely rare

Chemoheterotroph

Uses Organic chemicals-for energy source and Organic compounds-for carbon

Saprobes

A chemoheterotroph that's source of organic compounds is a non-living thing or dead organism

Parasite

A chemoheterotroph that's source of organic compounds is another living organism

Methanogens

A chemoautotroph that uses methane as their inorganic source of energy and CO2 as source of carbon

Sulfur-fixing bacteria

A chemoautotroph that uses sulfate as their inorganic source of energy and CO2 as source of carbon

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A chemoautotroph that uses nitrate as their inorganic source of energy and CO2 as source of carbon

Acidophiles

bacteria that survive in pHs < 6.0.

Mesophiles

bacteria that thrive in temperatures between 25 – 45 ℃.

Psychrophiles

“cold-loving” bacteria that thrive in temperature between 0 – 25 ˚C

Thermophiles

“heat-loving” bacteria that thrive in temperature between 45 – 100 ˚C.

Halophiles

bacteria that survive in salt concentrations > 3%

Obligate aerobes

bacteria that use oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it

Facultative anaerobes

bacteria that can use oxygen if present, but can perform fermentation in anaerobic conditions.

Obligate anaerobes

only perform fermentation and are poisoned by oxygen

Mutualism

a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

Commensalism

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the second is not affected

Parasitism

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the second is harmed

decomposers

-the majority of bacteria are -is the breakdown of dead organic matter and allows for the recycling of nutrients in the environment.

bioremediation

-Some bacteria are -is the use of living organisms to detoxify and restore a polluted or degraded ecosystems or environment

Pathogenicity

the disease-causing ability by some bacteria

Endotoxins

toxins released only when bacteria die and the cell breaks down -typically from Gram -- bacteria

Exotoxins

toxins released by living bacteria and can persist even when bacteria are gone -Typically from Gram + bacteria

Food spoiling

the natural decay of food by bacteria

Food poisoning

the release of toxins into food by bacteria during the decaying process