2 structural divisions of nervous system?

CNS + PNS

CNS consists of?

Brain + spinal cord

PNS consists of?

Nerves outside the CNS + cranial nerves

2 functional divisions?

Somatic + Autonomic (ANS)

Somatic nervous system controls?

Voluntary skeletal muscle

ANS controls?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle + glands

Fight or flight division?

Sympathetic

Rest and digest division?

Parasympathetic

What reverses the stress response?

Parasympathetic

Fibers carrying impulses toward cell body?

Dendrites

Axons carry impulses...?

Away from cell body

What covers some axons and speeds impulses?

Myelin

White matter = ?

Myelinated

Gray matter = ?

Unmyelinated

Neurons carrying impulses toward CNS?

Sensory / Afferent

Neurons carrying impulses away from CNS?

Motor / Efferent

Easy way to remember afferent?

Afferent = Arrives at CNS

Easy way to remember efferent?

Efferent = Exits CNS

Mixed nerve = ?

Sensory + motor fibers

Neuroglia = ?

Cells that support, protect, and nourish neurons

Junction between neurons?

Synapse

Chemicals carrying information across synapse?

Neurotransmitters

Depolarization = ?

Na+ moves INTO cell

Repolarization = ?

K+ moves OUT of cell

2 ions involved in action potential?

Sodium + potassium

Action potential = ?

Nerve impulse

Myelin does what to conduction?

Speeds it up

Ascending tracts = ?

Sensory / afferent

Descending tracts = ?

Motor / efferent

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

31 pairs

Dorsal root contains?

Sensory fibers

Ventral root contains?

Motor fibers

Easy dorsal/ventral memory trick?

Dorsal = Detect; Ventral = Motor

All spinal nerves are...?

Mixed nerves

Network of spinal nerves?

Plexus / plexuses

Skin region supplied by a specific spinal nerve?

Dermatome

5 steps of reflex arc?

Receptor → Sensory neuron → CNS/interneuron → Motor neuron → Effector

Simple reflex = ?

Automatic response

Spinal reflex = ?

Passes through spinal cord only

Stretch reflex example?

Knee-jerk reflex

How many motor neurons in ANS pathway?

2

Preganglionic neuron goes...?

Spinal cord → ganglion

Postganglionic neuron goes...?

Ganglion → effector

Sympathetic neurotransmitter?

Adrenergic / adrenaline

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

Cholinergic / acetylcholine

Paralysis of both lower limbs?

Paraplegia

Paralysis of all 4 limbs?

Quadriplegia / tetraplegia

-plegia means?

Paralysis

Lumbar puncture removes?

CSF

Multiple sclerosis damages?

Myelin sheath

ALS destroys?

Motor neurons

Neuropathy = ?

Disease/disorder of nerves

Sciatica = ?

Severe pain along sciatic nerve

4 main parts of brain?

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brain stem, Cerebellum

Largest part of brain?

Cerebrum

4 cerebral lobes?

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

Outer gray layer of cerebrum?

Cerebral cortex

Folds of cerebral cortex?

Gyri

Grooves between gyri?

Sulci

Separates frontal & parietal lobes?

Central sulcus

What connects right + left hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Frontal lobe = ?

Primary motor area

Parietal lobe = ?

Primary sensory area

Temporal lobe = ?

Hearing + smell/olfactory

Occipital lobe = ?

Vision

Broca area = ?

Motor speech

Wernicke area = ?

Speech comprehension

2 parts of diencephalon?

Thalamus + Hypothalamus

Thalamus = ?

Sorts/directs sensory information

Hypothalamus = ?

Maintains homeostasis

Hypothalamus controls?

Temperature, water balance, sleep, appetite, emotions + pituitary

Hippocampus = ?

Learning + long-term memory formation

3 parts of brainstem?

Midbrain → Pons → Medulla oblongata

Midbrain = ?

Eye + ear reflex centers

Pons = ?

Helps control respiration; connects cerebellar halves

Medulla = ?

Respiratory, cardiac + vasomotor centers

Cerebellum = ?

Balance + coordinates voluntary movement + muscle tone

3 meninges outer → inner?

Dura → Arachnoid → Pia

Easy meninges memory trick?

DAP = Dura → Arachnoid → Pia

CSF produced where?

Choroid plexus

Main motor cranial nerve for eye muscles?

Oculomotor — CN III

Sensory cranial nerve for vision?

Optic — CN II

Meningitis = ?

Inflammation of meninges

Encephalitis = ?

Inflammation of brain

Hydrocephalus = ?

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in brain

CVA = ?

Stroke

Aphasia = ?

Loss/defect of language

Epilepsy = ?

Abnormal brain electrical activity causing seizures

Sensory receptor = ?

Detects sensory stimulation

Chemoreceptor detects?

Chemicals

Photoreceptor detects?

Light

Thermoreceptor detects?

Heat/cold

Mechanoreceptor detects?

Movement

5 special senses?

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

General senses include?

Pain, touch, pressure, temperature + position

Proprioception = ?

Awareness of body position

Sensory adaptation = ?

Becoming less sensitive to a constant stimulus

3 layers/tunics of eye?

Sclera → Choroid → Retina

Receptor layer of eye?

Retina

Photoreceptors in retina?

Rods + cones

Rods = ?

Dim-light vision

Cones = ?

Bright light + color

Area with no rods/cones?

Optic disk

Membrane under/lining eyelid?

Conjunctiva

Tears produced by?

Lacrimal glands

4 structures that refract light?

Cornea → Aqueous humor → Lens → Vitreous body

Refraction means light...?

Bends

Structure regulating amount of light entering eye?

Iris

Muscle shaping lens for near/far vision?

Ciliary muscle

Nearsightedness?

Myopia

Defective curvature of cornea/lens?

Astigmatism

Cloudiness of lens?

Cataract

Increased intraocular pressure?

Glaucoma

Optic nerve number?

CN II

Oculomotor nerve number?

CN III

Pinna is part of which ear?

Outer ear

Another name for pinna?

Auricle

Connects middle ear to pharynx?

Eustachian tube

3 ear ossicles in order?

Malleus → Incus → Stapes

Ossicle attached to tympanic membrane?

Malleus

3 main inner-ear structures?

Vestibule, Semicircular canals, Cochlea

Organ of Corti / spiral organ = ?

Hearing receptor

Equilibrium receptors located in?

Vestibule + semicircular canals

Vestibular apparatus detects?

Equilibrium

Audition = ?

Hearing

Audiometry measures?

Hearing

Otitis media = ?

Middle-ear infection/inflammation

Sensorineural hearing loss involves?

Inner ear and/or brain/nervous system

Tinnitus = ?

Ringing/hissing in ears

Vertigo = ?

Spinning/dizziness

Cerumen = ?

Earwax

Gustation = ?

Taste

Olfaction = ?

Smell

Olfactory nerve = ?

CN I — smell