Gross motor skills

large muscle movements

Fine motor skills

small muscle movements

In elementary school, girls are often ______ of boys in development.

Ahead

Puberty in girls start around

9-10 years old

Menarche (first period) in girls is often

12-13 years old

Girls typically reach their final height around

14-16 years old

Early maturation in girls leads to a ____ self-esteem

lower

Average age of spermarche (producing sperm) is

12-14 years old

Boys reach their final height around age

19, though they may keep growing til 25

Early maturation in boys leads to ______ self-esteem.

higher

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems

Theory that explains the influence of social environment on development

Microsystem

Ecological system, made up of people the individual has direct contact with

Mesosystem

ecological system; the relations between the people in the microsystem

Exosystem

ecological system, factors that influence the individual but are outside their direct contact

Macrosystem

ecological system, cultural elements that affect the individual and everyone around them

Chronosystem

ecological system (the largest), the stage of life/time period in which one is developing

Rejecting/Neglecting/Uninvolved parenting style

Low warmth, control, and expectations, high allowances for autonomy

Permissive parenting style

High warmth and allowances for autonomy, low control and expectations

Authoritarian parenting style

Low warmth and allowances for autonomy, high control and expectations

Authoritative parenting style

High warmth, control, expectations, and allowances for autonomy; considered to be the best style

What are attachment patterns?

The patterns of how people interact and behave in relationships, at least one healthy attachment style can have a huge healthy impact on a student

Secure attachment style

Children feel safe, seen, and soothed, they may be frightened when parents leave, but are happy upon their return

Avoidant attachment style

The caregiver is negligent/preoccupied, so the child realizes that their needs won't me met, that others will always let them down Child responds in indifference, no longer looking for, noticing, or caring- they rarely emotionally open up

Ambivalent/Resistant/Anxious attachment style

The caregivers actions are inconsistent, so children realize their needs will only sometimes be met, so they tend to be anxious, clingy, doing things trying to get attention, needing constant reassurance

Disorganized attachment style

Parents actions are chaotic, stressful, sometimes with great love, but also great fear, children see adults as scary and unpredictable, so they have a strange reaction when others approach, rage, and/or try to hide

peer group

a social group made up of people with similar interests, social status, and age

Erickson's Stage Theory

Personalities are developed through a predetermined series of stages. If one stage is not achieved, you still move into the next stage. The successful completion of each stage results in greater personal and social competence

Trust vs. Distrust

0-1.5 years old, "Can I trust the world" Be consistent

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

1.5-3 years old, "Can I do things myself or must I rely on others?"

Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6 years old, "Is it okay for me to do things?"

Industry vs. Inferiority

6-12 years old, "How can I be good?"

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence, "Who am I?'

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young Adulthood, "Can I love and be loved?"

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle Adulthood, "What can I contribute to the world?"

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Late adulthood, "was my life good?"

Identity is

multidimensional

Identity achievement

exploration leading to commitment

Identity moratorium

Exploration leading to noncommitment

Identity foreclosure

non-exploration leading to commitment

Identity diffusion

non-exploration leading to noncommitment

Self-esteem

A subjective emotional evaluation of one's self-worth or self-concept- it answers "How am I doing?"

theory of mind

the cognitive ability to understand other's thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intensions; used in reference to "mind reading"

false belief tests

Tests where children know something that the people in a story do not- a child who has developed theory of mind may see only from their perspective and assume that everyone can see/understand from their perspective

theory of mind can allow people to

make sense of other's behaviors, experiences, views, and intensions. This can be good, as it helps children view other's perspectives, but can also be bad, as children now understand how to lie

Some students may have trouble developing _______

theory of mind; students with ASD may struggle

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

six stages of moral development that guide people's determinations about what is right and wrong

Level 1 of Kohlberg's theory

Pre-conventional; based on self interest; attributed to young kids

Stage 1 of Kohlberg's theory

Obedience/punishment; one makes decisions based upon avoiding punishment

Stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory

Rewards; one makes decisions based on the rewards, and what they get in return

Level 2 of Kohlberg's theory

Conventional role conformity; based on traditional values/expectations; generally adolescents

Stage 3 of Kohlberg's theory

approval/conformity; one makes decisions based on being accepted by others

Stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory

Law and social order; one makes decisions based on laws/obligations; "how can I keep order?"

Level 3 of Kohlberg's theory

Self-accepted moral principles; based on personal ideas; some adults get to this stage

Stage 5 of Kohlberg's theory

human rights; making a decision out of respect for others

Stage 6 of Kohlberg's theory

universal human ethics; one makes a decision based on inner conscience, not upon the law or what other people say