| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
++ & -- | change operands one by one |
Decrement | decrease by value |
++ | unary, adds one value, operates in prefix or postfix |
num++ vs ++num | num++
-postfix
-returns original then increments
++num
-prefix
-increases values and returns |
while  | -condition and statement/block that is repeated if condition is true
-unlimited number of statements (have to be in brackets)
-FALSE: semicolon(;) after test expression |
while vs do | -while: pretest
-do: posttest |
do-while | -statement is repeated at least once |
sentinel | -special value
-marks the end of a list of values
-signals end of sequence/to terminate
-IMAGE: -1 is the sentinel  |
for | -initialize, test, and update
-initialization executes only once
-TRUE: initialization may be omitted if no initialization is required
-can define a variable in initialization |
accumulator | -variable that keeps a running total of data values
-variable that stores a running total
-accumulates - repeatedly applies an operation |
counter vs accumulator | counter - integer that increments by fixed amount (1)
accumulator - holds any type of value, updated by any operation |
Best uses for loops | -for: fixed number iterations(start & end known), counting loops
-while: unknown number of iterations, event driven (input)
-dowhile: when body must execute at least once, validation loops (keeps asking for input until valid)
|
fstream | -header file
-allows file use |
to use output file | -create file stream object that references the file
-open the file
-NOT: make sure file already exists |
-- | unary, subtracts, must have lvalue(variable) as operand, prefix or postifx |
if nothing within while loop causes condition to become false | infinite loop |
loop control variable | variable that controls the # of times a loop iterates |
counter | variable that is regularly incremented/decremented each loop iteration |
nested loop | inner loop goes through all its iterations for each iteration of outer loop |
break | causes loop to terminate early |
while has no braces around body | loop body contains just one statement |
read data from file | -file must already exist, program must define a reference, open file |