When were most emerging market central banks established?

After WWII.

What were the original functions of central banks?

Issuance of banknotes

What are modern functions of central banks?

Regulating national currency value

Ownership structure of most central banks?

Mostly publicly owned; a few privately owned (e.g.

When was the ECB established?

June 1

What is the Eurozone?

EU member states that have adopted the euro as their currency.

What is the Eurosystem?

ECB plus NCBs of euro area member states.

What is the ESCB?

ECB plus NCBs of all EU member states

Who owns the ECB?

Central banks of the 27 EU member states.

What is the Governing Council of the ECB?

Main decision-making body responsible for monetary policy and price stability.

Who is in the ECB Executive Board?

President

Role of the ECB General Council?

Encourage cooperation among NCBs

Three main objectives of ECB monetary policy?

Maintain price stability

ECB key policy interest rates?

Deposit facility rate

What is unconventional monetary policy?

Measures used when standard policy is ineffective

What is ELA?

Emergency liquidity assistance for solvent banks facing temporary liquidity issues.

What is Quantitative Easing?

Central banks buy bonds/assets to increase money supply and stimulate the economy.

Federal Reserve ownership?

Independent entity

Fed main components?

Board of Governors

ECB vs Fed primary objective?

ECB: price stability. Fed: dual mandate (price stability and employment/growth).

Bank of England independence?

Makes monetary policy independently from the ECB; Monetary Policy Committee decides interest rates.

Tools for Bank of England monetary policy?

Raising/lowering interest rates; quantitative easing if rates near zero.

Why central bank independence matters?

Reduces political pressure that could cause inflation or political business cycles.

Arguments against CB independence?

Macroeconomic stability may be better if coordinated with fiscal policy; risk of bureaucratic self-interest.

Trend in central bank independence?

Globally increasing independence