The nervous system includes billions of these cells:

Neurons

On a neuron, the structures that extend out of the cell body and receive messages from neighboring neurons are called

Dendrites

An action potential happens when a neuron

Gets sufficiently stimulated

If a neuron is receiving inhibitory signals from some of its neighbors during the integration phase of neural communication, this will

Decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

The initiation of voluntary motor activity happens in the

Midbrain

The part of the brain that controls motivations and emotions is the

Forebrain

The case of Phineas Gage was important because

His injury provided clues about the function of the frontal lobes.

Zoraida has suffered a stroke that has damaged a part of her cortex. As a result, she is unable to move her left arm. The stroke most likely caused damage to the ________ lobe.

right frontal

When you use a computer to type up a paper, your brain sends messages to your finger muscles so that your fingers move in particular ways. Which nervous system controls your finger movements?

Somatic

If you are at the zoo and a tiger escapes its cage, your body will prepare you to fight or to flee, thanks to the ________ system.

Sympathetic nervous

When we look at why human beings engage in the behaviors they do, which of the following statements is true?

Behavior reflects an interaction between genetics and the environment.

Why are monozygotic twins so useful when we do research looking at nature versus nurture?

They are genetically identical.

When we sleep, we gradually become more disconnected from our surrounding environments. Another way to say this is that we enter a(n) ________ state of consciousness.

Altered

Takiyah has been in a coma for longer than three months. Her doctors are most likely to diagnose her as

Having unresponsive wakefulness syndrome

The hormone melatonin is released by the

Pineal gland

Dr. Gruber believes that dreams are the result of random neural transmission and interpretation. Which theory does she support?

Activation-synthesis theory

Occasionally, Shaquille will fall asleep at inappropriate times, for example, in the middle of having dinner with friends. Shaquille might be experiencing ____.

Narcolepsy

Which of the following people is experiencing somnambulism?

Malachi, who is walking around his apartment in Stage 4 of sleep

Sarah took a hallucinogenic drug. Given what you know about that family of drugs, what do you know is happening in her central nervous system?

It is altering her sensation and perception.

Finley has been drinking caffeine-filled energy drinks for the past 10 years. Today, Finley has not had any, and has a severe headache, fatigue, and shakiness. Finley is most likely ________ dependent on caffeine.

Physically

What makes up the central nervous system

The brain and Spinal Cord

What is the spinal cord?

The gateway for information to travel into the brain from the body, and for commands to travel from the brain to the body.

What does the somatic nervous system detect

Sensory input.

What do the receptors do in the somatic nervous system

Receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints send sensory information to the spinal cord which relays it to the brain.

What can the central nervous system send

Signals to the body to initiate or inhibit movement

What is the nervous system that is not the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate automatically

The body

What does the autonomic nervous system stimulate

Sweat glands and maintains the heart and lungs.

What nervous system has nerve pathways that send information from the glands and organs to the central nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

What does the sympathetic nervous system do

Arouses the body and prepares it for action. Also known as the fight or flight response

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do

Calms the body down again so it can rest and digest

What do neurons do

Brain cells that receive, integrate, and translate information in the nervous system

How do neurons operate

Through electrical impulses, communicate with other neurons via chemical signals and form neural networks

What is the cell body

Part of the neuron where information form thousands of other neurons us collected and integrated

What are dendrites

Branchlike extensions with receptors that receive information from other neurons

What are axons

The tail of the neuron that spreads out from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons

What is the terminal button

A knob at the end of the axon that releases chemical signals from the neuron into the synapse

What are neurotransmitters

Chemical substances that carry signals from one neuron to another

What is the synapse

Space between neurons through which neurotransmitters travel

What is transmission

When the action potential causes a neuron to release neurotransmitters

What is reception

When chemicals travel across the synapse and connect to, or bind with the receiving neuron's dendrites

What is the myelin sheath?

The electrical signal created by the positive sodium ions travels quickly because of the fatty coating that insulates the axon

What are receptors

Specialized structures that respond to certain types of neurotransmitters

What is the presynaptic neuron

The neuron that sends the signal

What is the postsynaptic neuron

The neuron that receives the signal

What are agonists

Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters

What are antagonists

Drugs that inhibit the actions of neurotransmitters

What is the spinal cord

The gateway for information to travel into the body, and for commands to travel from the brain to the body.

What does the spinal cord coordinate

The spinal cord coordinates reflexes.

Where is the hindbrain and what happens

At the base of the skull, the spinal cord thickens and becomes more complex.

What does the hindbrain control

Body functions that are essential for survival

Where is the midbrain

Located above the pons

What is the midbrain involved in

Reflexive movement in the eyes and body

Where is the forebrain located

Above the midbrain

What does the medulla control

Heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting , urination, orgasms, and gagging

What is the pons important for

Sleep, arousal, and coordinating movements between the left and right sides of the body

What is the cerebellum essential for ?

Proper motor function

Damage to the bottom part of the cerebellum causes what

Balance issues

Damage to the back of the cerebellum causes

Walking issues

Damage to the side of the cerebellum causes

Loss of limb coordination

What is the cerebellum involved in

Motor learning, motor memory, and cognitive processes like making plans, remembering events, using language, and experiencing emotions.

Where is the midbrain located

Above the pons

What is the midbrain involved in

Reflexive movements of the eyes and body

What is the substantia nigra important for

Initiating voluntary movements.

What is dopamine

The neurotransmitter that motivates behavior ( the experience of pleasure)

What does the substantia nigra control

Normal motor function

What is Parkinson's disease caused by

The death of substantia nigra cells leads to loss of dopamine, which causes slurred speech shuffling walk, and eventually dementia.

What does the forebrain control

Motivation and emotion

What does the cerebral cortex process

Your complex mental activity

What is the right hemisphere responsible for

Spatial relationships, face recognition, understanding the emotional aspects of language, and abstract thinking

What is the left hemisphere responsible for

Logical thinking and language

What is the corpus callosum responsible for

How you think

Where is the occipital lobe located

The end of the brain

What is the occipital lobe responsible for

Vision

What is the primary visual cortex

Brain tissue dedicated to processing visual input like color, motion, and form

What does the parietal lobe process

Touch

What does the left parietal lobe process

Right body touch

What does the right parietal lobe process

Left body touch

What is the primary somatosensory cortex sensitive to

Touch, pain, and temperature

What is the frontal lobe responsible for

Complex thoughts, planning, and movement

Primary motor cortex

Contains neurons that send messages directly to the spinal nerve to move the body's muscles

Thalamus

Sensory gateway to the cortex

What does the thalamus receive

All incoming sensory information: sight, sound, touch and taste

What is the limbic system important for

Eating, drinking, controlling emotions, and forming memories.

Hypothalamus

Keeps the body in balance

What does the hypothalamus receive

Input from all over the body affects body rhythms (sleep/wake cycle), body temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure, motivation to drink, eat, fight, and have sex

Hippocampus

Plays a role in forming new memories

The hippocampus creates

New neural connections in the cerebral cortex for each new experience

Amygdala

Fear, excitement, and arousal

Somatic nervous system detects

Sensory input and responds

Receptors in the somatic nervous system send what

Sensory information to the spinal cord which relays it to the brain. Can also send signals to the body to initiate or inhibit movement

Autonomic nervous system regulates what automatic

The body

Genotype

What you inherit

Phenotype

What you get

Michelle Mack

Missing a left hemisphere of her brain

Stage 2 of sleep

Body temperature starts to drop, heart rate begins to slow down

Insomnia

Mental health and ability to function are reduced inability to sleep

Sleep apnea

Caused by the throat closing during sleep

Narcolepsy

A rare disorder in which extreme sleepiness occurs during normal waking hours

REM behavior disorder

Act out their dreams while sleeping

Stimulants

Activate the sympathetic nervous system by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure

Stimulants improve

Mood, making people restless, and disrupt sleeping

Depressants

Reduce behavioral and mental activity by slowing down the central nervous system

Hallucinogens

Alter sensation and perception