Precipitation Reaction

results in an insoluble (s) product called a precipitate

Neutralization (acid-base) Reaction

an acid reacts with a base to form water (H2O) and an ionic compound (salt)

Acid is a Proton (H+)...

donor

Base is a Proton (H+)...

acceptor

Strong Acid #1

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Strong acid #2

Hydrobromic acid (HBr)

Strong acid #3

Hydroiodic acid (HI)

Strong acid #4

Nitric acid (HNO3)

Strong acid #5

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Strong acid #6

Perchloric acid (HClO4)

Strong bases have...

hydroxides

Reduction reaction gains or loses electrons?

gains electrons

Oxidation

loss of electrons

Reducing agent

substance that loses electrons, causes a reduction, and gets oxidized

Oxidizing agent

substance that gains electrons, causes an oxidation, and gets reduced

Exothermic process

heat is released to surroundings, energy of the system decreases

Endothermic process

heat is absorbed from the surroundings, energy of the system increases

q

heat

E=q+w

Internal Energy

gases work

w= -Pressure x ΔVolume

c

specific heat capacity/molar heat capacity

ΔT (change in temp)

Tf-Ti

1st law of thermodynamics

no energy can be created or destroyed, heat is just transferred

Energy flows in what direction?

high to low, hot to cold

H= E + PV

enthalpy equation

What is the Enthalpy equation used for?

represent heat absorbed or evolved in a reaction?

ΔH value in an endothermic reaction?

positive

ΔH value in an exothermic reaction?

negative

Hess's Law

the total enthalpy ΔH for a chemical reaction is the same, regardless if the reaction occurs in one step or several steps (only dependent on initial and final).

pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related when gas and temp is held constant P1V1=P2V2

Boyle's Law

temperature and volume of a gas are directly related when pressure and amount of gas are held constant V1/T1= V2/T2

Charles Law

Ideal Gas Equation

PV=nRT

R=

0.0821 L.atm/K.mol

Molar Mass can be calculated from P, T, and density measurements using the ideal gas law:

M= mRT/PV = (m/V)RT/P

standard molar volume (L)

22.4 L

Dalton's Law

Partial Pressures: pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures