Dermal

protective outer covering of a plant

Epidermis

dermal tissue that protects the plant from damage

Cuticle

thick waxy coating that protects against water loss

Vascular

transports water and nutrients

Xylem

carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots up to all of the plant. Moves one way → up!

Phloem

carries glucose (sugar) to the rest of the plant from the leaves. Glucose is stored in the roots and fruits. Can move sugar in either direction as needed.

Ground

produces and stores sugars -Lots of photosynthesis is done here! (Chloroplasts) -Also makes the edible parts of plants

Meristematic tissue

Like STEM cells divides by mitosis -undifferentiated growth: can produce any kind of tissue- dermal, vascular or ground -located where the plant is growing (shoots and roots)

Leaves

Main site of photosynthesis (make food) Absorb sunlight Site of gas exchange (CO2, O2 and H2O)

Stems

Support flowers and leaves Transport food and water New cells (meristem)

Roots

Absorb water and dissolved nutrients Anchor plant in soil May store food

Mesophyll

ground tissue inside the leaf which contains cells with lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Vein

contains xylem and phloem to transport water and sugars

Lower epidermis

protective dermal layer of cells that contains pores called stomata

Stomata

pores that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to move in and out of the plant

Guard cells surround each stoma

Change shape to open and close the stomata When stomata are open, carbon dioxide can enter the leaf, oxygen and water can exit the leaf Closing stomata during the day can decrease water loss in plants

Broad leaves

catch more sunlight in the shade (orchids)

Needle-like leaves

reduce water loss in hot or cold environments. (cacti, pine trees)

Primary growth

increases a plant’s height/length

Secondary growth (seen in tree rings)

increases a plant’s width

Vascular cambium

makes xylem and phloem

Cork cambium

makes bark and cork

Taproot

Long, thick central root with smaller branching roots Carrots, beets

Fibrous

Many equally sized branched roots that grow from base of stem Grass

Root cap

protects root cells from damage as roots push through soil

Root hairs

increase surface area for absorbing water

Transpiration

loss of water vapor through leaves

ANGIOSPERMS

Flowering Plants Seeds Enclosed In Fruits “vessel seeds” Change with seasons Pollinated By Birds, Bees, And Insects Flat Leaves Examples: Roses, Dandelions, Apple Trees

GYMNOSPERMS

Cone-bearing Plants Seeds Grow On Cones “naked seeds” All Seasons Pollinated by Wind Needle-like Leaves Examples: Pine Trees, Fir Trees, Evergreens, Conifers

Flowers

Contain male and female parts (sex cells) and function in reproduction for flowering plants

Fruits

The ovary of the flower that contains the seeds. Animals often eat these and disperse seeds.

Seeds

Embryo of a plant, has a food supply until leaves develop, and outer protective covering

Cones

House pollen in male cones, eggs in female cones Equivalent to flowers in flowering plants BUT allows for seeds to be dispersed in all seasons!

Stamen (male)

The filament supports the anther. The anther makes the pollen. The pollen is the male gamete (sperm)

Pistil/Carpel (female)

The pistil/carpel contains the stigma, style and the ovary. The stigma is sticky to capture the pollen. The pollen travels down the style to reach the ovule (egg). The ovary produces the female gamete (egg). The ovary will develop into the fruit.