biopsy

removal of a small portion of tissue for microscopic examination

endoscopic

pertains to the use an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity

gastroenterology

medicine focused on digestive system functions and disorders

gastroenterologist

internist, specializes in treatment of diseases of GI and accessory organs

alimentary canal/GI tract

digestive tract

Upper GI tract Consist of?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

Lower GI Tract consist of?

large and small intestines, rectum, and anus

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

pharyng/o

pharynx

esophag/o

esophagus

sial/o

salivary glands(parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland)

hepat/o

liver

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

duoden/o

duodenum

pancreat/o

pancreas

jejun/o

jejunum

cec/o

cecum

append/o, appendic/o

appendix

gastr/o

stomach

splen/o

spleen

col/o, colon/o

transverse colon

ile/o

ileum

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

rect/o

rectum

an/o

anus

dent/o, odont/o

teeth

dentist

specialist in treatment of the teeth

orthodontist

dental specialist who corrects misaligned teeth

gingiv/o

gums

gingivitis

inflammation of gums

hypoglossal

pertaining to under the tongue

sublingual

pertaining to under the tongue

oral

pertaining to the mouth

stomatopathy

disease of the mouth

ptyal/o

saliva

ptyalism

condition of excessive salivation

sialorrhea

excessive flow of saliva; hypersalivation or ptyalism

esophagoscope

instrument for examining the esophagus

gastroscopy

visual examination of the stomach

pharyngotonsillitis

inflammation of the pharynx (throat) and tonsils

pylor/o

pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of stomach)

pylorotomy

incision of the pylorus (lower portion of the stomach)

duodenoscopy

visual examination of the duodenum (endoscopic procedure)

enter/o

intestine (usually small intestine)

enteropathy

disease of the intestine; any intestinal disease

jejunorraphy

suture of the jejunum

ileostomy

surgical opening in the ileum (drain urine or feces into pouch)

perianal

pertaining to around the anus

appenectomy

removal of the appendix

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

colostomy

surgical opening of the colon and abdominal wall

colonoscopy

visual examination of the colon using long flexible endoscope

proct/o

anus, rectum

proctologist

physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

rectocele

herniation or protrusion of the rectum; called proctocele

sigmoidotomy

incision of sigmoid colon

cholangiole

small terminal portion of the bile duct

chol/et

bile, gall

cholelith

gallstone

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

choledoch/o

bile duct

choledochotomy

incision of the common bile duct

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

pancreatolysis

destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes

gastralgia

pain in the stomach

gastrodynia

pain in the stomach

-emesis

vomiting

hyperemesis

excessive vomiting

-iasis

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

cholelithiasis

presence or formation of gallstones

hepatomegaly

enlargement of the liver

-orexia

appetite

anorexia

without appetite; loss of appetite

cirrh

yellow

cirrhosis

abnormal condition of yellowness; chronic liver disease from destruction of liver cells lead to ineffective liver function and jaundice

-pepsia

digestion

dyspepsia

difficult or painful digestion; indigestion

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing or eating

-prandial

meal

postprandial

after a meal

diarrhea

frequent, watery bowel movements

hematemesis

vomiting blood

hypogastric

pertaining to below the stomach

ascites

pathological buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure,, or kidney failure

borborygmus

gurgling or rumbling sound heard over large intestine caused by gas

diverticular disease

formation of bulging pouches through the colon, mostly lower part of

dysentery

inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon. caused by bacteria or parasites

fistula

abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities(like rectum and vagina) or body cavity to the skin (rectum to outside body) caused by injury, infection, or inflammation

(GERD) gastroesophageal reflux disease

backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus; malfunction of lower sphincter

hematochezia

bright red, bloody stools; cause by diverticulitis or hemorrhoids maybe symptom of cancer

hemorrhoid

mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or outside the rectum; called piles

hernia strangulated

protrusion or projection of an organ through the wall of the cavity

(IBD) inflammatory bowel disease

disorder that causes inflammation of the instestines

crohn disease

chronic IBD may affect any portion of the intestinal tract; called regional colitis

ulcerative colitis

chronic IBD of the colon; ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain

(IBS) irritable bowel syndrome

colon disorder; constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating; doesn't cause permanent damage to colon; called spastic colon

jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white) of eyes; excessive bilirubin in blood; also called hyperbilirubinemia

jaund

yellow

obesity

condition in which body weight exceeds the range of normal or healthy

morbid obesity

more severe obesity; person has BMI over 40 or greater

ulcer

open sore that may cause perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane; sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

volvuvlus

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

(BE) barium enema

radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after giving barium sulfate into rectum. Used for diagnosis of obstructions, tumors, abnormalities

barium swallow

radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral barium sulfate; also called upper GI series

cholangiography

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium

(EGD) esophagogastroduodenoscopy

visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using endoscope; upper GI endoscopy

stool guaiac

test performed on feces using reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not visually seen; called hemoccult test

bariatric surgery

group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity

vertical banded gastroplasty

bariatric surgery in which upper stomach near esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and band is inserted that restricts and delays food

roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

bariatric surgery, stomach is first stapled to reduce it to small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a “Y” configuration,

colostomy

excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the remaining end of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to colostomy bag

lithotripsy

eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or noninvasive method

(ESWL) extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts

(NG Tube) nasogastric intubation

insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tube through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach; deliver medications, food, fluids

polypectomy

excision of small tumorlike, benign growth (polyps) that project from a mucous membrane surface

antacids

neutralize acids in the stomach

antidierrheals

control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

antiemetics

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

laxatives

relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract