Cell Membrane

A barrier near the cel wall that regulates entry and exit of substances and provides structural support to the cell.

Nucleus

The central center containing DNA, regulating cell growth, division and protein synthesis.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance where organelles are floating around in. This is the region of the cell where cell development and expansion occur. The .... functions as a cushion and guard the cell's genetic material and the organelles from crashing into others.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, this is where energy is produced from glucose that is produced in the chlorplast. After the glucose (sugar) has passed through the ..., it gets turned into energy or ATP.

Ribosomes

Tiny structures in cells that make proteins. They use instructions from mRNA to join amino acids together and create proteins. These proteins are important for growth, repairing cells, and carrying out different functions. They can either float freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The ... is a network of membranes inside a cell that helps make and transport substances. There are two types: rough ER, which has ribosomes attached and helps make and transport proteins, and smooth ER, which makes lipids (fats) and helps remove harmful substances.

Golgi Apparatus

The ... is an organelle that modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other substances made by the cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, changes them if needed, and then packages them into small sacs called vesicles. These vesicles transport the substances to different parts of the cell or outside the cell.

Lysosomes

... are small structures in cells that contain enzymes that break down waste, damaged cell parts, and unwanted materials. They help keep the cell clean and recycle useful materials. In simple terms: lysosomes are like the cell’s recycling and rubbish disposal system.

Peroxisomes

... are small organelles that help break down fatty acids and harmful substances inside the cell. They contain enzymes that remove toxic substances and help protect the cell.

Central Vaculoe

The ... is a large, fluid-filled structure found mainly in plant cells. It stores water, nutrients, and waste materials and helps keep the plant cell firm by creating turgor pressure against the cell wall.

Cell wall

The ... is a strong, rigid layer found outside the cell membrane in plant cells. It is mainly made of cellulose and gives the cell support, protection and shape. It also helps prevent the cell from bursting when it takes in too much water.

Chlyoplasts

... are organelles found in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis. They contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight. The ... uses sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose, which provides food and stored energy for the plant.

6 characteristics of all living things

1. Movement 2. Respiration (respiration is the chemical reaction in cells that break down nutrients molecules and release energy for metabolism) 3. Stimuli 4. Growth 5. Reproduction 6. Excretion 7. Nutrition MRSGREN

5 Kingdom Species and 1 example for each

1. Monera (Nostoc) 2. Protists (Amoeba) 3. Fungi (Yeast, Penicillium, Mushrooms, Rust 4. Plants 5. Animals

Taxonomic Hierarchy

King (Kingdom) Phillip (Phylym) Came (Class) Over (Order) For (Family) Great (Genus) Spaghetti (Species)

Diffusion

Only hydras use diffusion which is the process where you breathe through your skin.

2 Types of unicellular organisms are mainly what?

Those that have a nucleus are protist and ones that don't have a nucleus are mainly bacteria.

What is fission reproduction?

Fission reproduction is where a mother cell splits into 2 daughter cells.

5 Types of the vetebrates

1. Fish: Use gills and use fins to swim. Scales to protect their bodies. Fish are ectothermic. Most lay eggs. 2. Amphibians: Amphibians can live both in water and on land and are ectothermic. Breath through their lungs and their skin. Usually lay eggs. 3.Reptiles: Reptiles have scale skin and are ectothermic. Breathe using lungs. 4. Birds: Birds have feathers wings and beaks and use lungs with warm blood. they maintain a stable body temperature. Lay eggs and use wings to fly. 5. Mammals have hair or fur and breathe from their lungs. warm blooded and most give birth to live young. Produce milk.

Molluscs

Soft bodies and some have a hard shell to protect body. Some live on water some live on land. Snails clams oysters and octopuses.

Arthropods

Largest group of inveterate they have a hard covering exoskeleton, a segmented body and joined legs. Insects, spiders, crabs and centipedes.

Platyhelminthes (flatworms

Invertebrates with long, soft bodies and no legs. Can be found in different environments including inside the ground and in water.

Cnidarians

Mostly aquatic animals with soft bodies and tentacles. Their tentacles help catch food and protect themselves. Examples include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydras.

Sponges

Simple invertebrates that live attached to surfaces in the water. Tiny holes in their bodies that allow water to flow through helping them collect food and oxygen.

Nematoda (Roundworms)

Parasites affecting plants, animals and humans.

Annelids (segmented worms

Segmented and bilaterally symmetrical. (Earthworms, leeches and poluchaets.

Athropods

Exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies and jointed appendages. The biggest invertebrate group.

Echinodermes

Symmetrical. Possess a water vascular system for movement and feeding.

8 invetebrates

1. Sponges 2. Cnidaria 3. Platyhelminthes 4. Nematodes 5. Mollusca 6. Annelids 7. Arthropods 8. Echinoderms