organs of the government in India

Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary.

legislature

organ of the government responsible for making and amending laws. the president , rajya sabha and lok sabha are a part of it.

sansad

other name for parliament

names of lists that legislature makes laws in

union list- banking, foreign affairs, and defence state list- prisons, public health, agriculture concurrent list- education, electricity, forests

lok sabha

house of the people or lower house

max no of members

552 members, with 530 from states, 20 from union territories, and 2 from anglo-indian community.

other seat reservations

for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes

manner of election

every citizen above age of 18 can vote cia a secret ballot system.

qualifications for members of lok sabha

1. must be indian citizen 2. must be above 25 yrs of age 3. must be of sound 4. cannot be bankrupt or convicted of criminal cases.

term of office

term is 5 years, but the president can dissolve it before that or extend the term during the proclamation of emergency.

sessions of the house

Period in which the House meets to conduct business. the 2 sessions are summoned by the president, and they cannot have a gap of more than 6 months between them. There are 3 sessions: monsoon session, budget session, and winter session.

speaker of Lok Sabha

he is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha and is elected by them. the speaker conducts debates, presides over meetings, and maintains discipline during sessions.

rajya sabha

upper house or council of states.

presiding officer of rajya sabha

the presiding offer is the vice president. he is the ex officio chairperson of the rajya sabha.

composition

it has 250 members in total, with 238 elected and 12 nominated by the president due to their skill or experience.

manner of election

Indirectly elected by the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote system. They must be at least 30 yrs of age to be elected.

term of office

It is a permanent house which cannot be dissolved. However, a third of its members retire every year. A member elected for a full term serves for 6 years.

what is a bill

it is a draft of a suggested law presented to the parliament for discussion.

money bill

can only be passed by lok sabha, and it must be signed by the president. it is only given 14 days to be considered

stages of reading a bill

1. it is introduced in the house. 2. voting takes place after the debate 3. it is sent to the president for his/ her assent and agreement.

bill after being passed

it is called an Act after being signed by the president.

members of the executive at central level

the president, the PM and the council of ministers.

members of the executive at state level

the governor, the CM, and the council of ministers.

president of india

the nominal or constitutional head of state. he/ she is the first citizen of the country.

qualifications to be a president

1. must be an indian citizen 2. must be above 35 yrs should not hold an office of profit under the government 3. must be qualified to become a member of lok sabha

election of president

the president is indirectly elected by a college of members of parliament and members of legislative assembly. the president is elected for a term of 5 years.

when will the vice president as the president

1. when the president is ill 2. upon impeachment of the president 3. upon resignation of the president 4. upon the death of the president

impeachment of the president

this happens when the president violates the constitution or is guilty of treason or corruption, and is removed effective immediately.

executive powers of the president

1. The President appoints the PM 2. The President appoints the Council of Ministers with advice from the PM 3. the president appoint the attorney general and auditor general of India. 4. The judges of the Supreme and High Courts are appointed by him/ her.

military powers of the president

1. The President is the Supreme Commander of the defence forces 2. The President has the power to declare war and conclude peace 3. All treaties are made in the name of the President 4. The President represents India in all international conferences.

legislative powers of the president

1. The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha 2. The President summons the Parliament's sessions 3. In case of an ordinary bill, the President can either sign it or send it back to the house it originated from, but in case of a money bill, the President has to sign it in the first instance. 4. The President can issue ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.

ordinances

temporary laws given by the president when parliament is not in session. they have the force of law, but only last up to 6 weeks.

financial powers of the president

1. The annual budget is presented in the name of the president. 2. All money bills are passed with the president's consent. 3. the contingency fund is used by the president in case of emergency

judicial powers of the president

1. the president has the power to grant pardons, reduce sentence, or pardon death sentence. 2. the president is not answerable to court except during impeachment.

emergency powers of the president

1. The President has the power to declare an emergency, but only with the approval of Parliament. 2. National emergency: when the security of the country is compromised because of external aggression or internal rebellion 2. If the administrative system breaks down, the President's rule is established. 3. Financial emergency: if the financial stability is threatened

dicetionary powers of president

if there is not an absolute majority lok sabha vote, president has power to appoint any eligible PM of her/ his choice.

Vice president

he/ she is elected indirectly by member of both houses of parliament for a term of 5 years. she/ he is removed by vote of rajya sabha, and the vote has to be agreed upon by the lok sabha.

power of VP

The VP is the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha as well as the Speaker. The VP regulates debates and proceedings of the House. He/ she heads various committees and coordinates their work

appointment of PM and council of ministers in case of no absolute majority

if neither party gets an absolute majority, they can join together and form a coalition government.

term of office

it is five yrs, but it can be dissolved earlier if a no confidence motion is passed.

catgories of ministers

cabinet ministers, ministers of state, deputy ministers.

functions of PM+ cabinet

1. creates policies of the government. 2. administration of the country is carried out by them. 3. the president makes all major appointments with advice from PM. 4. the PM heads all cabinet meetings. 5. in case of an issue between PM and minister, the minister is made to step down. 6. the PM is the main spokesperson and defender of the government in parliament.

supreme court of india

interprets laws of the constitution and can nullify laws that do not follow it.

composition

it is headed by the chief justice and there are a maximum of 30 judges.

resignation of a judge

a judge can write to the president requesting resignation.

term of office

a supreme court judge works till age of 65

qualifications

1. Must be an Indian citizen 2. Must have been a High Court judge for 5 yrs or an advocate of the High Court for 10 yrs 3. Must be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.

original jurisdiction

1. Between the government and states 2. Between the government and a state vs. another state 3. cases between 2 or more states 4. Cases involving violation of fundamental rights

appellate jurisdiction

cases that are against judgment of high court. 1. constitutional cases 2. civic cases 3. criminal cases

advisory jurisdiction

supreme court can advise president on some matters when asked.

court of record

the supreme court maintains detailed records in the form of precedents, meaning supreme and high court can have similar judgments on similar cases.

revisory

supreme court has power to review judgement, showing human judgement can be fallible.

judicial review

power of supreme court to review laws passed by executive and orders issued by executive to make sure they are in accordance with the constitution.

writs

written commands issued by a court to act or abstain from doing illegal acts. ex: mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, certiorari, haebus corpus.