| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Q: What does the endocrine system use to affect body functions?
| Hormones |
Name 4 things the endocrine system helps regulate.
| Growth, reproduction, body defences, and other body functions. |
What two systems does the endocrine system interact with to coordinate body functions? | The endocrine system interacts with the nervous system. |
Q: What gland has both endocrine and nervous system functions?
| A: The hypothalamus. |
Q: What is the hypothalamus sometimes described as?
| A: The control gland of the endocrine system. |
Q: What does the hypothalamus regulate?
| A: The response of the autonomic nervous system. |
Q: What hormone does the anterior pituitary produce that is involved in reproduction?
| A: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). |
Q: What hormone does the anterior pituitary produce that is involved in milk production?
| Prolactin |
Q: What two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?
| A: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. |
Q: What are the two main types of hormones based on how they interact with cells?
| A: Steroid-based (lipid-based) and amino acid-based (protein-based) hormones. |
Q: What are steroid-based hormones?
| A: Lipid-soluble hormones that can pass through the cell membrane. |
Q: Where do steroid-based hormones bind to receptors?
| A: Inside the cell. |
Q: What are amino acid-based/protein-based hormones?
| A: Hormones that cannot pass through the lipid cell membrane and bind to receptors on the cell surface. |
Q: Where do amino acid-based hormones bind to receptors?
| A: On the surface of the cell. |
Q: What is the main difference between steroid and protein-based hormones?
| A: Steroid hormones enter the cell and bind to intracellular receptors; protein-based hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface. |
Q: What are the three ways endocrine glands can be stimulated?
| A: Humoral(blood) hormonal (hormones) and neural (nerves) |
Q: What is humoral stimulation?
| A: An endocrine gland releases a hormone in response to changing levels of chemicals in the blood. |
Q: Give an example of humoral stimulation.
| A: High blood glucose → pancreas releases insulin. |
Q: What is hormonal stimulation?
| A: One endocrine hormone stimulates another endocrine gland to release a hormone. |
Q: Give an example of hormonal stimulation.
| A: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones. |
Q: What is neural stimulation?
| A: Nerve fibres stimulate an endocrine gland to release hormones. |
Q: Give an example of neural stimulation.
| A: Nerve fibres stimulate the adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). |
Q: Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin?
| A: Beta cells. |
Q: When is insulin released?
| A: When blood glucose levels are HIGH. |
Q: What does insulin do to blood glucose levels?
| A: It lowers blood glucose levels. |
Q: Which cells of the pancreas produce glucagon?
| A: Alpha cells. |
Q: When is glucagon released?
| A: When blood glucose levels are LOW. |
Q: What does glucagon do to blood glucose levels?
| A: It raises blood glucose levels. |
Q: What does insulin do to liver cells?
| A: Causes the conversion of glucose → glycogen. |
Q: What does insulin do to fat cells?
| A: Causes the conversion of glucose → fat. |
Q: What does insulin do to body cells?
| A: Makes them more permeable to glucose, allowing glucose to enter. |
Q: What does glucagon do to liver cells?
| A: Causes glycogen → glucose, releasing glucose into the blood. |
Q: What does glucagon do to fat cells?
| A: Causes gluconeogenesis. |
Q: What does glucagon do to body cells?
| A: Makes them more resistant to glucose. |
HIGH blood glucose→ | → INSULIN → LOWERS blood glucose |
LOW blood glucose | → GLUCAGON → RAISES blood glucose |
Insulin =
| store glucose |
Glucagon = | release glucose |