what is psych

the scientific study of the brain and behaviors

biology/neuroscience perspective

how body and brain affect behavior and mental processes -roles of neural networks in thinking -genetic, genetic determination

cognitive perspective

how people process information -rational choice -how your behavior reflects your thoughts

humanistic perspective

how environment reflects personal growth -positive aspects of psych -unconditional positive regard -'peak experience' = one's fullest potential; humanism believe this will lead one to happiness -ABRAHAM MASLOW -CARL ROGERS -1960's-now

behavioristic perspective

OVERT BEHAVIORS -behaviors infer intention -environment shapes and controls behaviors -reinforcement -JOHN B WATKINS -BF SKINNER -1920's 1960s

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective

your unconscious=your basic needs and wants -you are only aware of a small part of your mentality -FREUD -majority of ur behavior is shaped by your unconscious -1900s to now

evolutionary perspective

how behavior fits into environment -how it adapts

behavior genetics

how genes affect behaviors

developmental perspective

how psychologically u develop over lifetime

social-cultural

how social environment and culture affects thinking, feeling, behaviors

who established first psych laboratory

wilhelm wundt, 1879, PSYCH AS SCIENCE WOOO

structuralism

most basic and simplest mental processes -- basic elements of mind -wundt

introspection

systematic, rigorous observation of conscious experience - in order to break consciousness into basic elements -describing experiences w no naming or interpreting -EDWARD TITCHENER

functionalism

all mental processesexist to meet certain needs, ie serve certain FUNCTIONS haha -william james -darwim -- help species survive -- mind

first psych school

HARVARDDDDD

first female doctoral student

Mary Calkins

first female w' doctorate

Margaret Washburn

three levels of analysis

biopsychosocial analysis -biology=genetics, nat. selection, environment -psychology=learned fears, emotional responses, learned expectations -social-cultural influences=presence of others, cultural, societal expectations, group & media influences

basic research

to build knowledge base

applied research

to solve problems

counseling psychology

subfield -- talk therapy, conversations

clinical psychology

severe mental health issues

psychiatry

DOCTOR -- can give meds

action potential

neuron signal -- an electrical charge that travels down axon to send message -all or none response, goes ONE way down neuron (dendrite, soma, axon)

first step of action potential

stimulus -- neurotransmitters bind to receptors on dentrite open channel and bring sodium in thru dendrites

-55 millivolts

THRESHOLD if threshold is reached, neuron will fire!

step 2

depolarization sodium opens gates on voltage channels in axon -- draws more sodium very quickly into neuron -positive on inside of neuron, negative on outside

3rd step

repolarization-voltage gates close NA -K+ gates open -- K+ rush outside neuron

4th

hyperpolarized (refractory period) -neuron is recharging -- is extra negative (-90 millivolts)

resting potential

neuron is ready to fire -- -70 millivolts -polarized

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter= STOP

glutamate e

excitatory= GO -memory

acetylcholine

muscle movement, learning, memory

serotonin

hunger, mood, sleep, arousal

dopamine

involuntary movement, learning, attention, emotion -reward one

endorphin

natural painkilllers -- affect perceptions of pleasure and pain

motor neurons

carry info from brain and SC to rest of body -efferent nerves

sensory neurons

carry sensory info from enviornemnt to body -afferent nerves

central nervous system

'command center' -brain, spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

-messengers

somatic nervous system

-voluntary movement -recieves sensory signals(touch, temp pain), sends movement instructions

autonomic nervous ssytem

controls automatic processes-heart, breathing, digestion, BP

sympathetic

AHHHHHHHHH(fight or flight) -prepares body for stress, danger(^ heart rate, etc)

parasympathetic

'rest and digest' -promotes digestion

forebrain

-cerebrum, cerebral cortex -higher-level thinking

left hemisphere

controls right side of body -dominant for language, logic

right hemisphere

controls left side of body -dominant for creativity spatial reasoning, emotional perception

cerebral cortex

thin outer layer of cerebrum -responisble for majority of info processing - 4 lobes

frontal lobe

front-forehead region of cerebral cortex -descision making, planning, problem-solving -contains motor cortex(precentral gyrus) -voluntary muscle movement -contains broca's area -- responsible for language production

parietal lobe

processes sensory info --touch, temp, pain -contains sensory cortex(somatosensory cortex) (postcentral gyrus)

temporal lobe

temples, near ears -processes auditory info -long-term memory, language comprehension -contains wernicke's area -- area of brain responsible for language comprehension

occipital lobe

back of head -visual information (visual cortex)

midbrain

brain relay station -- key part of brainstem

thalamus

egg shape literally in middle of brain -sensory control center -traffic control station

limbic system

in midbrain -- associated w emotions and motivations -hippocampus-MEMORY -amygdala-EMOTIONS -hypothalamus -maintains homeostasis by regulating eating, thirst, body temp

hindbrain

back of brain -- brain stem and assorted accessory components - cerebellum -- looks like a little brain (motor coordination -medulla -lowest part of brain stem (vital involuntary functions) -pons - connects cerebellum to medulla (bridge for neural signals, helps regulate sleep)

consciousness

subjective awareness of self and environment

innattentinal blindness

inability to notice visible objects (objects in line of sight) when consious mind is focused elsewhere -conscious mind cna be focused ON ONE THING ONLY

dual processing

two-track mind for processing -conscious deliberate 'high road' -sequential processing= conscious, slow effortful (problem=solving, processing new info) (LOGIC) -unconscious, automatic 'low road' -parallel processing-helps w daily routines(muscle memory) -processes multiple aspects of stimulus at same time (EMOTION)

NREM 1

first sleep stage --30 mins

NREM 2

-20 minutes -rapid, rhythmic brain waves -helps w memory

NREM 3

30 mins slow waves

REM

Rapid Eye Movement -10 mins -eyes move, dreams occur -heart rate increases

paradoxical sleep

body is internally aroused (waking-like brain activity) drams occur motor cortex is active, brainstem blocks engagement

why dream

psychodynamic says wish fulfillment cognitive psych says for info processing and to file away memories physiological says to develop and preserve neural pathways neuroscience says activation synthesis -- to make sense of neural activities developmental psych says for cognitive development