symbolic interaction is that an individual's response to someone's behavior is based on the meaning that is attached to that behavior.

interact in the built environment of the city—a microlevel approach. Microlevel sociology focuses on the pattern of interactional dynamics especially as they impact on individuals in a social setting.

Macrolevel sociology focuses on the interrelationships of structures and organizations of a society.

(Robert) raises the ideas that the city values

rationality more than emotionality (the head rather than the heart),

accompanied 'mobility'" (Stein 1964:16).

The Chicago School of Sociology, as it came to be known (also referred to by its shortened name "Chicago School"), was not a "school" in the sense of a formal institution of higher learning, but rather an academic movement within the discipline of sociology.

Wirth argued that cities were characterized by a distinctive pattern of behavior that he called urbanism.

Herbert Gans is a major compositionalist

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who has made a significant challenge to determinist theory. Gans argues that there are a myriad of urban adaptation processes and to speak of "urbanism" in the singular as a way of life is misleading and wrong.

basis of social class and the stages in the family life cycle. Gans uses the following classifications:

Cosmopolites

The unmarried or childless

Ethnic villages

The deprived

The trapped and downwardly mobile

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND URBAN ECOLOGY

The Chicago School's view of urbanism, its microlevel orientation, was essentially linked to its conceptual framework of urban ecology, its macrolevel orientation.

Urban ecology was associated with, and was articulated by, the Chicago School beginning in 1915, under the auspices of Robert Park and his colleagues and students at the University of Chicago.

Urban ecology influenced and shaped the direction of American urban sociology through most of the twentieth century.

What draws so many millions people to these cities is the hope that urban life will prove to be better than it was in rural villages.

Civilization

The growth of cities has been associated with the idea of human progress and with an underlying belief that equates cities with civilization

shock city______: city in a given period that elicits awe at growth

and tech progress but also deep concern

Tönnies feared

_cities would_undermine the fabric____ of social life,

whereas Durkheim recognized the ___potential for social cohesion

and human development.

The personality will learn to "accommodate itself" to the city

– People develop a ____a blase attitude_________

– Some people maintain sense of self in the city by

“___being different__________”

• The twins of freedom and ____loneliness________

• In the end, Simmel seems to side more with Tönnies than Durkheim in his

final evaluation of the city—i.e., __more alienation than liberation

Two major theoretical components

1. __Urban Ecology____ (macro): scientific description

of urban forms and processes..broad

2. ___urbanism____ (micro): the social psychology of city life..individual

“The city is … a state of mind…”

City is organized on two interconnected levels

ironmental factors

Biotic

Biological and environmental factors

The Chicago School’s two viewpoints of the city

1. The city is ____impersonal, segmented, and secondary____________

the destruction of communities, families, and ultimately

individuals subject to fears of loneliness,

__alienation_____, and _____anomie_________.

2. The city is ___a mosaic of social worlds__________

while segregated from each other, it includes patterns of

____social order______ that exhibit a

________a spirit of tolerance_____________

he city is defined by 3 key variables:

1. ____size, density, and heterogenity__