Hunter-Gatherers

Roamed in egalitarian groups. Human beings who roam to hunt and gather food in the wild and do not live in permanent, settled communities.

Migration

due to changing weather conditions people moved from Africa to Asia and Europe during the stone age. this leads to creation of various skins tones

Development of tools

leads to burial techniques during stone age, first sign humans mourned the death of others and had a sense of humanity

Agriculture

became reliable in the near east during stone age

domestication

begin to see more dogs and cats adapting to human life, used for work during stone age

trade

beginning of long-distance trade during stone age

Social Hierarchy

evolution of social hierarchy during stone age

From nomadic life to sedentary life

Development of early cities in the Near East leading to the city-sate

City-state

An urban center exercising political and economic control over the surrounding countryside.

Monarchy

a form of government with a monarch at the head.

Polytheism

Belief in several gods, not one. Divine often had influence on kings ruling

Redistributive Economy

a system in which wealth and resources are collected by a central authority and then redistributed to achieve social stability, reduce inequality, and meet community needs.

Afro-Asiatic

Akkadians, Babylonians, Sumerians, Egyptians, Canaanites

Indo-European

Greeks, Hittites, Romans

Metallurgy

brings about the Bronze age, more research with metals. Use of bronze to create new luxury goods, tools and weapons

first "empire": Akkadians

an early attempt at a national entity, beyond city-state

Increased knowledge

Active urban culture in Mesopotamian cities, increased trade; exchange of knowledge

Egyptians influence the Near East

Egyptian whose alphabet became basis for Greek, Roman and modern alphabets

Creation of laws

Increased need to guarantee fairness and reliability in business dealings

King Hammurabi's law code

"Eye for an eye" If a man accuses another man and charges him with homicide, but cannot bring proof against him, his accuser shall be killed. protection of personal property

The Old Kingdom

Unification of Egypt into a single centralized kingdom

Monotheism

Akhenaten's promotion of Aten. the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.

First International Treaty

War against Egypt leads to this treaty. Landmark in history of international diplomacy

Early Western Civilization

Minoans and Myceneans; ancestors of the Greeks

Societal Collapse

disruption of international trade, widespread poverty, famine and chaos

The New Empire of Assyria

Removal of conquered people

The Neo-Babylonian Empire

Adopt Babylonian culture

The Persian Empire

Autocracy of Persian kings, kings did not interfere with subjects

Autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

Zoroastrianism

Good versus evil, Semi-monotheistic, influence on western religion (Christianity)

Israelites

Developed monotheistic religion, influence of Judaism on other religions. becomes monarchy

Solomon builds what?

the Temple in Jerusalem

Greek Dark Age

Greeks lose distinguishing marks of civilization

Greek gradual revival

Iron becomes metal of choice. regain distinguishing marks of civilization

Citizenship in Greek city-state

Citizenship the defining factor. means equal treatment under law. (slaves excluded from this, woman expected to maintain household)

Athen's role model of democracy

Athenian political assembly, representation proportionate to the population, upward mobility for laborers and slaves could gain freedom.

political assembly

key legislative bodies that represent the will of the people and play a crucial role in governance.

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country or organization

City-state of Sparta

Oligarchy, militarized society (relied heavily on violence), tyranny in other Greek city-states

Non-Spartans

annuals war against Helots

Helots

A slave owned by the Spartan city-state; such slaves came from parts of Greece conquered by the Spartans. Preform all non-military labor

Olympic games

step towards collective Greek identity, inspired truce between city-states

Greek Culture

Divine punishment, Homer's poems reveal divine interactions with humans

Hesiod's work emphasizes what?

emphasizes justice, but defines existence as difficult, sorrowful and violent

Greek expansion

Trade leads to Greek settlements in Europe and North Africa (colonies)

Rise of Philosophy and Science

innovation in painting, sculpture and poetry. beginnings of study of high level mathematics, emphasize rationalism

Wars between Persia and Greece

Persians defeated in battle of Marathon, Sparta-led Hellenic League, Battle of Thermopylae

what was a new tactic used during the Persian/Greek war?

Phalanx (with spears) against swordsmen and cavalrymen

Greek alliance victory

act of dedication to political freedom

Athenian Confidence in Golden Age

Peloponnesian and Delian Leagues

Delian League

would become the Athenian empire

who dominated Athenian politics?

Pericles (c. 495–429 B.C.E.)

reforms radical democracy

more city-states become direct democracies

Pericles Leadership (killing democracy from within)

Annual vote to exile officials, pays public officers and jurors, limits citizenship, encourages a military campaign against Peloponnesian League

Trade and innovation in Golden Age

Wealthy citizen fun public expenses, Pericles builds Parthenon and Athenian sculpture reflects Golden Age confidence

women in Athenian society

Childbearing as primary female role

Slaves, companions, and Metics status

Companions (courtesans) maintain level of independence, commercial growth increases demand for slaves, Metics contribute to Athenian prosperity

cultural development in Athenian Golden age

Philosophers question existence of gods

Expansion of theater in Greek Golden Age

tragedies are entertaining and educational, political effects of public comedies

Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E)

Athenian aggression triggers this war, Spartans install oligarchy in Athens, Devastating wars ends Athenian Golden Age

Succession of philosophers

Sacrotes, Plato, Aristotle, and finally Alexander the Great

The Republic

The ideal government is an oligarchy or monarchy

Social Hierarchy in classical Greece

Guardians, Auxiliaries, then Producers

Rise of Macedonia

view themselves as having Greek blood but still being superior to the Greeks.

Rule of Alexander the Great

Greece is in practice united for the first time, in 334 B.C.E wins wars and conquers Persia, Egypt, Palestine, Babylon etc. Establishes colonies of Greeks in Macedonia

Creating new Kingdoms

Alexanders sudden death leaves land to be divided amongst his generals. Hellenistic rulers support immigration to cities

Layers of Hellenistic society

divided into distinct hierarchy. workers cannot move or abandon tenancies

End of Hellenistic kingdoms

squabbles prompt repeated roman intervention

Hellenistic culture

Theater moves away from politics to individual emotion and daily life

Stoicism

belief that fate controlled life

Skepticism

contradictory nature of human senses prevent knowledge

Cynicism

Rejects conventions of ordinary life, individuals should aim for self sufficiency

Early Roman Republic

Republic as a reaction to tyrannical behavior of previous kings. the poor has some voice in public affairs via complex system of assemblies

Patricians' vs Plebeians

Struggle of power

expansion in Italy

Patricians and Plebeians acquire wealth and merge into one elite class

Three Punic wars

Rome's determination to win at any cost

The Gracchus brothers

Tiberius and Gaius, murdered and assassinated respectfully

Marius and Sulla

While Sulla did eventually defeat Marius and become a dictator both men used violence to terrorize the opposition, real or imagined.

First Triumvirate

formed with Crassus, Julius Caeser, and Pompey. just like previous rulers they would manipulate masses to gather support for individual goals, weakening the republic.

What becomes of the Triumvirate?

Crassus dies fighting Persians, Caeser and Pompey fight one another with Caeser eventually winning and becoming dictator for life. He is eventually assassinated by his senators hoping to restore normalcy.

Virtus (virtue )

masculine quality of strength, loyalty, courage, wisdom, and purity

Fides (fidelity)

Keeping obligations no atter the cost; avoid offending the community and gods

(Roman society) Enslaved people

Inferior to all free people; freed slaves granted citizenship

how did men and women gain status in Roman society

Men gain status through public recognition, women through childbirth and teaching

Roman Society Education

Traditional values, language, literature

Patron-client system

Patron provides clients with "benefits" and clients owe "duties" to patrons (more often than not it was to gain support)

Roman Society Religion

Polytheistic model, Roman gods correspond to major Greek gods.

Second Triumvirate

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Mark Anothony and Octavian (later known as Augustus). This Triumvirate would also fall apart with Mark Anthony and cleopatra committing suicide together leaving Octavian as the last one standing.

Octavian is also known as?

Senate grants powers to Octavian and he is given honorary title Augustus

How was peace brought to Rome?

by maintaining the facade of republic continuity

Principate

Augustus titled himself princeps, new system of government installed the rule of the early Roman emperors, during which some features of republican government were retained.

Populism

a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups

Agustus Populism

Emperor controls prices to appease the people

Cult of Personality

Sculpture/architecture reflect the emperors' presentation of himself

Family Dynasties

Emperors kept rule in the family. "Restored republic" imperial Rome

Republic Facade

emperors continue this even after Augustus

Caligula and Nero

Early examples of tyrannical leaders

The good emperors

reign for decades without civil war

who were the Five good emperors

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius

Noncitizen Army veterans

earns them citizenships

Roman Golden Age Life in provinces

Diverse languages, customs and religions

Language in western half versus eastern half

Latine becomes international language in western half, green remains prominent language in eastern half

Jesus and his teachings

discontent with foreign rule, Jews adopt apocalyptic ideas. stressed god's love for humanity. heaven open to all believers. deepened divide between Christianity and Judaism

As Christianity grew Jesus was seen as

Seen as Messiah

"The seed of the church"

Heroism od martyrs inspire believers to preserve

Apostolic Succession

doctrine in Christianity that maintains a direct, uninterrupted line of spiritual authority from the apostles to current church leaders, particularly bishops.

Barbarians

Multiethnic bands form northern Europe. 370-550's flood of these non-Romans settle in Roman territory

Resurgent Persian threat

forces emperors to move troops, weakens defenses elsewhere

increasing inflation

sets the stage for full financial collapse of the empire

Hyperinflation

Emperors debase coinage

The dominate

end of pretense of shared authority and equality/ (i.e. emperor above senate)

Tetrarchy

Three "partners" join in governing the districts

Re-founding of Byzantium as Constantinople

intention of making "new Rome"

Constantine's sons

rivalry between the two splits the empire apart into East and West

increased financial pressure in Late roman empire

imposition of elaborate wage/price controls

Decimation of ancient families

leads to new elites without ties to traditions

Great prosecution

execution of Christian martyrs arouses sympathy

what ended the great prosecution?

Constatine ends the prosecution and becomes Christians

Edict of Milan

religious toleration for all faiths

what made Christianity appealing?

it's emphasis on community and charitable works

Pope

apostolic succession, most powerful bishops in western empire, women excluded (however women did lay other major roles within Christianity)

Emperor Theodosius

declares Christianity the official (and sole) religion of the empire

what was a sign of high virtue during the official Christianization of the empire?

Virginity and sexual renunciation. Bishops and priest required to be celibate

Tribes

Clans based on kinship grouped into multiethnic coalitions

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

People of Byzantine Empire

considered themselves preservers to Roman traditions; minimize influence of migrants

Diverse Ethnicities

Greeks, Egyptians, Palestine's etc.

Emperor Justinian

wages war to restore empire

Roman empire in East

Pandemic kills a third of the empire's inhabitants

Increased autocracy ends autonomy

imperial officials take control provinces

preservation of classical traditions in late Roman empire

Christian church (mostly) preserves ancient cultures