Characteristics of Life (give the order)

order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, regulation, evolutionary adaptation

what is order?

highly organized and consist of one of more cells

what is reproduction?

ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind

what is growth and development?

consistently grow and develop, controlled by inherited DNA

what is energy processing?

ability to take in and use energy

define response to environment

ability to respond to stimuli in environment

what is regulation?

ability to maintain internal environment to support life

what is evolutionary adaptation?

ability to evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring

the lowest level of structure that can perform all functions required of life

cellular level

what do all cells share?

cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes

what are the two types of cells?

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

what are the three domains of living organisms?

bacteria, eukaryota, archaea

what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?

protists, plantae, fungi, animalia

what domain is the most widespread of all living organisms?

bacteria

what domains are prokaryotic, unicellular and microscopic?

bacteria and archaea

what domain thrives in extreme conditions?

archaea

what are the extreme conditions of domain archaea?

thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens

what domain has membrane bound organelles?

eukarya

give an example of the kingdom protists

algae and protoza

provide an example of the kingdom fungi

decomposer

provide an example of the kingdom plantae

photosynthesis

provide an example of the animal kingdom

ingestion and cell respiration

what is the hierarchy of organization in organisms?

atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organ system, organism

what is the hierarchy of organization beyond the organism?

population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

what is an atom?

smallest unit of an element, composed of protons, neutrons and electrons

what is a molecule?

two or more atoms held together by bonds

what is a cell?

smallest structural and functional unit of life

what is a tissue?

groups of cells with common structure and functions

define the organ system?

groups of organs working together

what is an organism?

a complete individual

define population

organisms of same species in a specific area

define community

several species interacting in a specific area

define ecosystem

community of living organisms plus the non living surrounding environment

define biosphere

the entire earth, including the atmosphere

what are producers for most ecosystems?

plants

what takes up CO2 from air, H20 and minerals from soil, energy from sun?

plants

define primary consumers

obtain matter and energy from eating plants

define secondary consumers

obtain matter and energy from eating the primary consumer

define decomposers

obtain matter and energy from decomposing waste materials and dead organisms

what does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

what contains units of inheritance (genes)

dna

how many nucleotides are DNA made up of?

4

what is a genome?

entire library of genetic instructions in an organism

diversity of life arises from the differences of what code?

dna

changes in genetic code also contributing to evolution is an example of what?

dna

what is evolution?

species descending from a common ancestor

this is an example of what occurring: modifications as species diverage from common ancestors?

evolution

define natrual selection

process of inheriting variations and favors the reproductive success of some individuals over others

what are the steps of the scientific method?

observation, question, hypothesis, test, analyze, conclusion

how do you conduct a good experiment?

have a control group, independent variable, dependent variable and a sample size of at least three

what are control groups used for?

comparison

what is an experimental group

has all the same conditions except for the one variable you are testing

define independent variable

the factor you are manipulating

define dependent variable

the measurement of the effect of the independent variable

define controlled variables

those factors remaining the same in all groups

what is the basic form of all matter and cannot be broken down into different components?

elements

what do all living things consist of? and of what percentage?

C, O, N, H 96%

what other elements do humans need? and of what percentage?

Ca, P, K, S, Na, CI, Mg 4%

what are the trace elements that only make up 0.01%?

Fe, I, F

how many atoms do elements have?

one

what has two or more atoms joined together chemically?

molecule

what has two or more different elements joined together chemically?

compound

what has two or more different molecules not joined chemically and can be separated?

mixture

all compounds are ___ but not all of these are compounds

molecules

explain how a compound works

compounds can take on a different physical and chemical property than individual elements and they are difficult to separate into individual elements

explain how a mixture works

mixtures can be separated using physical means like filtration, density or evaporation

what is the smallest unit of an element?

atom

what differs in the number of protons?

elements

what does an atomic number represent?

the number of protons

what does an atomic mass represent?

the average mass of an elements naturally occurring isotopes

where are protons located?

nucleus

what kind of charge is a proton?

positive

how does a proton work?

holds the negatively charged electrons close to the nucleus

where are neutrons located?

nucleus

how to find the number of neutrons

atomic mass minus number of protons

what do neutrons do for the nucleus?

stabilize

where can you find electrons?

in the orbitals around the nucleus

how to find the number of electrons

equals the number of protons

what kind of charge is an electron?

negative