Compartment syndrome treatment

Fasciotomy

Skeletal traction

Pin inserted into bone

Skin traction

Applied to skin (e.g., Buck’s traction)

DVT key sign

Calf pain

Closed fracture

Simple break with no open wound

Spiral fracture

Bone twisted apart

Impacted fracture

Broken ends jammed together

Comminuted fracture

Bone shattered into several pieces

Greenstick fracture

Incomplete break common in children

Epiphyseal fracture

Separation of epiphysis and diaphysis in children

Pathologic fracture

Occurs through diseased bone with minimal force

Depression fracture

Often from blow to skull

Malunion

Bone heals in incorrect position with separated ends

Osteoarthritis complication

Can occur after fracture; degenerative joint disease

Fracture healing stage 1

Hematoma formation

Fracture healing stage 2

Fibrocartilage deposition and capillary formation

Fracture healing stage 3

Spongy bone formation

Fracture healing stage 4

Bone remodeling

Dislocation

Complete loss of joint surface contact

Subluxation

Partial loss of joint contact

Sprain

Ligament injury

Strain

Tendon or muscle tear

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune; morning stiffness improves with activity; treated with methotrexate

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative; morning stiffness resolves quickly; pain worsens with use; crepitus; normal labs

Gout pathophysiology

Purine metabolism disorder

Gout acute treatment

Colchicine

Gout chronic meds

Allopurinol, febuxostat, probenecid

Gout classic sign

Podagra (big toe pain)

Gout complication

Renal calculi (kidney stones)

Ankylosing spondylitis

Chronic inflammatory spine disease; morning stiffness improves with activity; HLA-B27

Osteomalacia

Poor bone mineralization; low calcium, low phosphate, high PTH, high ALP

Osteoporosis

Bone resorption > deposition; brittle bones; common in postmenopausal women

Paget’s disease

Excessive bone remodeling; too much spongy bone; bone deformities

Rickets

Childhood disease caused by vitamin D deficiency (not B12)

Giant cell tumor

Arises from osteoclasts

Ewing sarcoma

Malignant bone tumor

Osteomyelitis

Bacterial bone infection

Scoliosis

Lateral spinal curvature

Kyphosis

Increased thoracic curvature

Lordosis

Increased lumbar curvature

Back pain cause

Poor posture can contribute

Ganglion cyst

Mucoid-filled cyst on tendon sheath; common on wrist; painful with movement

Contracture

Muscle stuck in shortened state due to severe ATP depletion

Arthroscopy

Direct visualization of joint

Synovial fluid analysis

Done by aspiration, not dye injection

Osteomyelitis true/false

True – bacterial bone infection

Arthritis infectious or noninfectious

True

Synovial fluid uses dye

False

Malunion definition

True – bone fails to remodel properly

Osteoarthritis after fracture

True

Ewing sarcoma benign

False

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes rickets

False

Gout increases kidney stone risk

True