Robert hooke

The cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, e.g., bacteria.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Chromosomes

Bodies within the nucleus made in DNA and proteins called the histones

Chromatin

Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones

nuclear envelope

Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways.

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

To carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

Vacuoles

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

Semi-permeable

membranes that allow some substances through but not others

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Osmosis

diffusion of water

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Endocytosis

movement of substances into the cell

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

channel proteins

proteins that provide passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic (water-soluble) substances such as polar and charged molecules

carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane