successor of Aurangzeb

Bahadur Shah

when did Aurangzeb die

he died in 1707

official ending event of the mughal empire

The revolt of 1857 officially ended mughal rule of India

why did Aurangzeb's policies contribute to the decline of Mughal empire

1. his religious intolerance alienated non-Muslims of India. 2. he imposed jizyah and pilgrimage tax on non Muslims. 3. Akbar won over the Rajputs, but they revolted against Aurangzeb along with the Jats, Sikhs, and Satnamis.

how did he spend last 25 years of his reign

he spent it trying to tame the marathas in the deccan, but this drained the treasury and made the north a centre of revolt.

how did weak successors contribute to decline of empire

The weak rulers offered a way for the nobles to wield power. They wanted to take over the administration of India and manipulated the rulers. The governors took advantage of the situation and declared themselves independent.

last Mughal ruler

bahadur shah Zafar / bahadur shah II

wars of succession

The Mughals did not have clear laws on the heir to the throne. when a ruler died, his relatives would try to claim his throne, resulting in war.

politics between nobles - contribution to decline

there was a constant power struggle between the factions of nobles, which contributed to the fall of the mughal administrative system.

iranis

persian nobles

turanis

from transoxiana or modern day uzbekistan

afghans

from mountains across the indus

hindustanis

from india

failure of the mansabdari system

the number of mansabdars outweighed the number of jagirs, causing conflicts between them. also, the mansabdars did not maintain the required number of troops.

failure of the jagirdari system

the jagirdars fought for better tracts of land. the nobles also made the Mughal rulers give away their own crown lands

crown lands

they are lands that are directly controlled by the king. The revenue from this land is sent to the royal treasury.

lack of military reforms

The Mughal army made no effort to adapt or improve the army. They continued to use old equipment and techniques. They also did not have a navy, which allowed the Europeans, who had strong navies, to invade.

When did Nadir Shah invade

he invaded Delhi in 1739. he looted and plundered them and stole the peacock throne and the Koh- i- Noor. he was the ruler of Iran.

when did Ahmed shah Abdali invade

he invaded in 1761. he was the ruler of Afghanistan.

the marathas

only empire to establish a pan indian empire.

shivaji

grandfather of shahu.

Shahu

He was taken prisoner by Aurangzeb, and was released after his death. He succeeded the Maratha rule with the help of Balaji Vishwanath.

balaji vishwanath [ 1713-1720]

1. he took advantage of the declining Mughal Empire and extended the Maratha territory, enhancing their power and prestige. 2. He acquired the right to impose chauth and sardeshmukhi on Mughal provinces. 3. he was made peshwa by Shahu in 1713. 4. In 1719, he marched to Delhi to help the Sayyid brothers overthrow Farrukhsiyar.

chauth

cultivators paid 1/4 of their revenue to the marathas.

sardeshmukhi

1/10 of their land revenue was paid as a tribute to the maratha king.

who established the hereditary peshwa rule

balaji vishwanath established it.

baji rao 1 [1720-40 ]

1. he was a military genius 2. during his rule, the Maratha confederacy was established. 3. he was the head of the confederacy.

maratha confederacy

the Bhonsles of Nagpur, Gaekwads of Baroda, sindhias of Gwalior, Holkars of Indore.

balaji baji rao [ 1740-60]

1. Shifted the Maratha capital from Satara to Poona. 2. Under his rule, the Marathas reached orrisa and Bihar in the east and Delhi and punjab in the north.

third battle of Panipat [ 1761 ]

Marathas' conquest of Punjab created conflict with Ahmad Shah Abdali. They fought the war, but the Marathas were mainly used to guerrilla warfare and not open warfare, securing their loss.

founder of hyderabad

nizam- ul- mulk- asaf- jah in 1724.

nizam- ul- mulk- asaf- jah's successors

nizams of hyderabad

bengal governor

governed by Murshid quli khan. he was an excellent administrator.

bengal capital

murshidabad

murshid quli khan's successors

Shuja-ud-din, then Sarfaraz Khan, Ali Vardi Khan, then finally Siraj-ud-Daulah.

ruler of mysore in 1761

Hyder Ali. he was an excellent and ambitious ruler who was determined to expand his territories. His son tipu sultan and he proved to be an obstacle in the path of the British, who wished to conquer India.

awadh ruler

Burhan- ul- Mulk Saadat khan. he was succeeded by Safdar Jung, and then Shuja- ud- Daulah.

awadh capital

lucknow. It has a distinct culture, which promotes creativity, producing fine literature and artwork.

rajput states

mewar, marwar, jaipur

why couldnt they properly assert dominance

they were unable to put up a united front, and each state followed its own individual policies.

the sikhs

the mughals power over punjab weakened after nadir shah and ahmad shah abdali's invasion. they took advatage and took controlvof punjab and jammu.

w=what did they organise themselves into

they organised themselves into a confederacy of 12 misls.

ranjit singh

He was the leader of one of these misls, but he seized power and declared himself the master of Punjab.

treaty of amritsar

It was a treaty signed between the British and the sikhs in 1809. It was also called the Treaty of Perpetual Friendship. It said that the Sutlej River formed the boundary between sikh and British territories, but the treaty was dishonoured and nullified after Ranjit Singh's death.

boundaries of punjab till ranjit singh's death

until ranjit Singh's death in 1839, he extended the sikh territories from the Khyber Pass in the north to Sindh in the south.