Animal that eats both plant & animal tissue?

Omnivore

Monogastric animal is defined as having ? major stomach compartment

one

4 main functions of the mouth

Prehension, Salvation, Mastication, Bolus formation

Prehension

Act of gasping food & bringing it into the mouth

During Bolus formation,

food is rolled into a ball by the tongue & pushed to the rear of the mouth.

Swallowing can be either

voluntary or reflex

The esophagus is a ? structure that connects the ? pharynx to the ?

muscular. pharynx. stomach.

Chyme

partially digested food leaving the stomach

4 regions of the monogastric stomach in order are:

Esophageal, Cardiac, Fundic, Pyloric

Fundic

region of stomach secretes hydrochloric acid

Mucus is secreted primarily by the ? region to protect the ?

cardiac. esophagus.

Zymogen

inactive enzyme

? is converted into ? by the action of hydrochloric acid

Pepsinogen. Pepsin.

? is a hormone produced by the ? region of the stomach & promotes ? digestion

Gastrin. Phyloric. Gastric.

3 phases regulating gastric secretion are

Cephalic, gastric, intestinal phases

Before stomach emptying can occur, chyme must have proper ? & ?, and the ? must be receptive.

fluidity, acidity. Duodenum.

Enterogastric

reflex reduces the pumping action of the stomach

Fingerlike projections that increase surface area in the small intestine are

villi

3 sections of small intestine are

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Pancreatic fluid is produced by the ? & has an ? pH

pancreas. alkaline.

Pancreatic fluid neutralizes stomach acid due to the presence of ?

carbonates & bicarbonates

Secretin

hormone produced by the duodenum that increases pancreatic secretion of bicarbonates.

? (CCK) increases enzyme secretion from the ? and stimulates bile release from the ?.

Cholecystokinin. pancreas. gallbladder.

Bile is produced in the ? and stored in the ?.

liver. gallbladder.

Bile acts as an ? agent that breaks large ? into smaller particles.

emulsifying. fat globules.

The primary substance absorbed in the large intestine is

water

Absorption

is defined as the movement of materials from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.

The ? vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the ?.

portal. liver.

Gastric digestion occurs under ? conditions, while intestinal digestion occurs under ? conditions.

acidic. alkaline.

Starch is broken down into ? and absorbed in the ?.

glucose. small intestine.

Proteins are ultimately absorbed as ? in the ?.

amino acids. small intestine.

Lipids are broken down into ? and ? and absorbed in the ?.

fatty acids & glycerol. small intestine.

In monogastric animals, cellulose is ? and excreted in the ?.

not digested. feces

Birds use a ? instead of teeth and do not perform ?.

beak. mastication.

The crop is an out pocketing of the ? used for ? and ?, but not chemical digestion.

esophagus. storage & moistening.

The ? is the true stomach in birds and secretes ? and ? acid.

procentriculus. gastric juices & hydrochloric.

The ventriculus mechanically ? food using ?.

grinds. grit.

In birds, the duodenal loop remains ? until ? and ? secretions enter.

acidic. pancreatic & bile.

Horses and rabbits rely on a large ? for microbial fermentation of ? and ?.

cecum. cellulose & hemicellulose.

? is the consumption of fecal pellets that allows digestion a ?time for increased nutrient absorption.

Coprophagy. 2nd.